Industrial Arbitration Court

Industrial Arbitration Court
Interactive map of Industrial Arbitration Court
1°17′26″N 103°51′03″E / 1.2906°N 103.8508°E / 1.2906; 103.8508
Established24 October 1960 (1960-10-24)
JurisdictionSingapore
Location1 Supreme Court Lane
#B1-45
Singapore 178879
Coordinates1°17′26″N 103°51′03″E / 1.2906°N 103.8508°E / 1.2906; 103.8508
Composition methodJudges are appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister
Authorised byIndustrial Relations Act 1960
Websitehttps://www.iac.gov.sg/
President
CurrentlyJustice See Kee Oon
Since4 January 2025 (2025-01-04)
Deputy President
CurrentlyJustice Christopher Tan Pheng Wee

The Industrial Arbitration Court is an industrial court in Singapore and an organ of state. The court certifies collective agreements and arbitrates industrial disputes.

History

Background

On 13 January 1960, Minister for Labour and Minister for Law K. M. Byrne tabled the Industrial Relations Bill in the 2nd Legislative Assembly, which repealed the Industrial Courts Ordinance and Wages Councils Ordinance, and proposed the establishment of the Industrial Arbitration Court.[1] The court was authorised to resolve disputes between employers and employees, recommend salary scales, and severance or retirement packages.[2]

On 27 January 1960, Charles Gamba, an economist, said that the bill was "one of the most important economic and social agencies that would be created in Singapore", and that the court would confirm impartiality in industrial disputes. He also said that the industrial court was the first of its kind in Southeast Asia.[3]

On 6 February 1960, the Singapore Employers Federation wrote a 13-page memorandum to Byrne, saying that as seen in other Asian countries, the bill would not ensure a "real and lasting" industrial peace, due to the lack of compulsory arbitration. The Federation also called for an appointment of a permanent deputy president, instead of an acting president during the absence of the president.[4] On the same day, the Singapore Maritime Employers Federation also said that seafarers should be excluded from the bill, due to the international nature of seafaring.[5]

On 10 February 1960, the bill was read a second time.[6] Lim Yew Hock and A. P. Rajah felt that due to the importance of the bill, it should be referred to a select committee. In response, Lee Kuan Yew said that "careful consideration" had been given, and that sending the bill to a select committee would have delayed it for "three or four months". The conclusion was that the bill should be enacted quicker, so that the court could begin its work towards industrial peace, and Byrne would have a better possibility of implementing the government's labour policy.[7] On 13 February 1960, the bill was passed and was known as the Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1960.[8]

Establishment

In March 1960, Byrne announced that the court would be housed within the Supreme Court building, to "keep the dignity and prestige" of the court.[9] Following a government ruling that no official of a political party or assemblyman "may sit on a judicial or quasi-judicial tribunal", he said that the industrial court would not be affected by this ruling, as the court was not a court of judicature like "other judicial or quasi-judicial bodies".[10][11]

On 20 June 1960, Goh Liang Chuan,[12][13] permanent secretary to the Ministry of Labour and Ministry of Law, was directed by Byrne to seek assistance from the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (CCAC) under the Colombo Plan for setting up the court.[14]: 72–73  S. G. Hastings, deputy industrial registrar of CCAC, was seconded from Australia to Singapore for three months from July 1960. On 20 July 1960, Hastings arrived in Singapore, and stayed at the Adelphi Hotel.[14]: 59–61 [15]

Due to a delay in moving into the Supreme Court building, as the previous occupants did not move out on time, the court was unable to function before Hasting's three month secondment ended.[15] As such, on 17 August 1960, Goh requested for an one month extension for Hasting's secondment.[14]: 56 

On 14 September 1960, Gamba, who was also an economics lecturer at the University of Malaya in Singapore, was appointed as the first president of the court. Gamba was given permission by the University to assume the role of president, and resigned from the University in March 1961.[16] On 15 September 1960, the Department of External Affairs approved the extension, which meant that Hasting was expected to stay till 19 November 1960.[14]: 25, 46–47  On 21 September 1960, Byrne clarified that Gamba was not a member of the governing People's Action Party following opposition-initiated questions over his appointment.[17]

On 14 October 1960, Richard Teo Chan Hong, Singapore's seventh magistrate, was appointed as registrar of the court.[18][19]

Inauguration

The court was inaugurated on 24 October 1960.[2][20] On 2 November 1960, the court heard its first case, Holywood Theatres Ltd v Singapore General Employees' Union. Represented by Dominic Puthucheary, the employees alleged that the theatre became "highly hostile and vindictive" when they filed a claim with the court for wage improvement.[21] During the hearing, the theatre, represented by J. J. Rattray, said that they may be forced to close, as they could not afford to pay for any wage increases.[22] Gamba, assisted by James Puthucheary and G. C. Thio,[23] awarded monthly wage increases to the employees, which ranged from S$5 to S$20.[24]

In January 1962, Gamba released the court's first annual report in the 2nd Legislative Assembly, which highlighted the appointment of three industrial relations officers, who have the ability to speak in one or two Chinese dialects, Malay and Tamil, aimed at helping smaller employers and unions. The report also showed that 121 agreements covering 36,269 workers have been certified by the court since its inauguration.[25]

On 10 July 1962, an amendment to the ordinance was passed to allow for the establishment of a second industrial arbitration court, due to the increase of cases seen by the present court.[26] The second court was housed within the Central Provident Fund building.[27] On 22 October 1962, Tan Boon Chiang was appointed as deputy president of the court, and presided over the second court.[28]

On 7 April 1963, Gamba released the court's second annual report, and said that the year was a "most satisfactory state of affairs" as about 65,000 workers were covered by agreements certified by the court.[29]

On 15 September 1964, Tan became acting president of IAC, succeeding Charles Gamba.[30][31] Without a new deputy president appointed, there was a backlog of a 121 trade disputes in February 1965.[32] In March 1965, Devan Nair criticised the government for the delay, and said that "a deputy president has got to be appointed without further delay".[33] On 10 June 1965, S. Natarajan, an accountant, was appointed as deputy president, and the second court resumed operations.[34][35]

In December 1965, Minister for Labour Jek Yeun Thong announced amendments to the Industrial Relations Ordinance, to empower the court to propose a new collective agreement by a trade union, and extend an existing agreement by an employer, under a situation where both parties are unable to reach an agreement by themselves.[36]

Later years

In April 1968, the National Trades Union Congress criticised the court for delay in its decisions with disputes.[37]

On 10 July 1968, another amendment bill was tabled in the 2nd Parliament. Major amendments were added in this bill.[38] In the 1967 annual report, released in July 1968, Tan called for the improvement of advocacy in court by employers and trade unions.[39]

On 2 January 1970, the second court was closed, due to the retirement of Natarajan, and the calmness in the labour force.[27]

On 2 March 1987, the court moved from the third floor of the Supreme Court to the fourth floor of City Hall.[40][41] In June 1988, the court moved to the second floor.[42][43]

In October 1991, the court criticised the Ministry of Finance for preventing immigration officers with lower education qualifications from receiving increased salaries, negotiated by the Amalgamated Union of Public Employees.[44][45]

In October 1993, the court mandated that all data related to collective agreements must be submitted on a 5+1⁄4-inch (130 mm) floppy disk, together with the original copy of the collective agreement.[46]

Composition and powers

Under the Industrial Relations Ordinance,[a] the court consists of a president and two other members. The president was appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, under the advice of the Prime Minister.[4] The president is not deemed to be a public servant, but has "the same rights, privileges, protection and immunity" as a judge of the Supreme Court.[2] After the independence of Singapore, the court's president is appointed by the President of Singapore.[48]

The court certifies collective agreements and arbitrates industrial disputes, maintaining overall industrial peace and stability in Singapore.[49] Serious disputes are referred to the court, after failing resolution via conciliation at the Ministry of Manpower.[50][51]

While a dispute is in front of the court and pending review, neither party may resort to economic force, encouraging collective bargaining without threats of force. However, strike action and lockout has been identified as "essential elements" of the collective bargaining process, and true collective bargaining does not exist without them. It is argued that the ordinance was not designed for "true collective bargaining" in this sense.[2] The Attorney-General or the Minister of Labour is empowered to intervene on behalf of the government, and force a settlement out of public interest.[52]

Notable cases

  • Life Insurance Corporation of India v Singapore Insurance Companies Employees' Union (1962): Employer was allowed to make dispute claim on behalf of the employees' union.[53]
  • Singapore Airlines v Singapore Airlines Staff Union and Singapore Airport Terminal Services Workers' Union (1992): Employer was not allowed to cap salary increments and bonuses to productivity of the airline.[54][55]
  • Singapore Airlines v Air Line Pilots' Association Singapore (2007): The court ruled that the airline was required to pay Airbus A380 pilots more than Boeing 747-400 pilots. A380 captains and first officers were paid S$700 and S$450 more respectively.[56][57]
  • SilkAir v Air Line Pilots' Association Singapore (2011): The court ruled in favour of the airline, denying the pilots' request for being paid flying allowance for all hours on duty, instead of hours in air.[58]

Membership

Presidents

Deputy presidents

Notes

  1. ↑ Later replaced by the Industrial Relations Act, after the independence of Singapore.[47]

References

  1. ↑ "LABOUR PEACE BILL". The Straits Times. 14 January 1960. p. 3. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Kleinsorge, Paul L. (July 1964). "Singapore's Industrial Arbitration Court: Collective Bargaining with Compulsory Arbitration". Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 17 (4): 551–565. doi:10.2307/2520615. eISSN 2162-271X. ISSN 0019-7939. JSTOR 2520615. LCCN 50003249. OCLC 896745619 – via jstor.
  3. ↑ "'EXPLOITATION—A WORD OF THE PAST, SAYS Dr. GAMBA". The Straits Times. 28 January 1960. p. 12. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 6 January 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  4. 1 2 de Cruz, Peter (7 February 1960). "Industrial peace Bill-and fears of bosses". The Straits Times. p. 1. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  5. ↑ "'LABOUR BILL SHOULD NOT INCLUDE SEAMEN' CALL". The Straits Times. 7 February 1960. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  6. ↑ "A Bill will protect workers". The Straits Times. 22 January 1960. p. 8. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  7. ↑ "It's now up to experience says Premier". The Straits Times. 11 February 1960. p. 4. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  8. ↑ "INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS BILL PASSED". The Straits Times. 14 February 1960. p. 8. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  9. ↑ "President wanted for Labour Court". The Straits Times. 10 March 1960. p. 4. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  10. ↑ "Ruling on Arbitration Court". The Straits Times. 24 March 1960. p. 14. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  11. ↑ "Assemblymen are allowed to sit on arbitration court". Singapore Free Press. 30 March 1960. p. 3. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  12. ↑ "MISS MAGGIE TAN". The Straits Times. 4 August 1931. p. 14. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Archived from the original on 4 April 2025. Retrieved 29 May 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  13. ↑ "LABOUR MINISTRY OFFICIAL GOH TO RETIRE". The Straits Times. 29 May 2026. p. 9. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 29 May 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Application for Expert to assist in the setting up of the Industrial Arbitration Court". National Archives of Singapore. 23 July 1960. Retrieved 29 May 2026.
  15. 1 2 "Expert to set up labour court". The Straits Times. 26 July 1960. p. 7. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  16. 1 2 "Gamba picked to settle all labour disputes". The Straits Times. 15 September 1960. p. 14. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Archived from the original on 15 May 2025. Retrieved 23 January 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  17. ↑ "'Gamba not a PAP member'". The Straits Times. 22 September 1960. p. 7. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  18. ↑ "New job for magistrate". The Straits Times. 15 October 1960. p. 9. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  19. ↑ "Gamba opens State's first industrial court under new law". Singapore Free Press. 24 October 1960. p. 1. Archived from the original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  20. ↑ "Court to open". The Straits Times. 22 October 1960. p. 9. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  21. ↑ "Owners of cinema 'hostile' after union made demands". The Straits Times. 3 November 1960. p. 7. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  22. ↑ "CINEMA PAY DISPUTE: 'WE MAY BE FORCED TO CLOSE' HINT". The Straits Times. 4 November 1960. p. 9. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  23. ↑ "Cinema row: Court grants time to check pay rates". The Straits Times. 5 November 1960. p. 4. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  24. ↑ "Theatre employees get wage rises on court award". The Straits Times. 3 December 1960. p. 9. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  25. ↑ "Gamba verdict: Arbitration Court has won confidence". The Straits Times. 26 January 1962. p. 6. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  26. ↑ "Bill to set up Arbitration Court No. 2 is passed". The Straits Times. 11 July 1962. p. 18. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  27. 1 2 Cheong, Yip Seng (3 January 1970). "LABOUR CALM MAKES ONE TRIBUNAL REDUNDANT". The Straits Times. p. 4. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 2 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  28. 1 2 "Arbitration Court deputy appointed". The Straits Times. 23 October 1962. p. 22. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Archived from the original on 20 November 2025. Retrieved 9 February 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  29. ↑ "Dr. Gamba reports on a 'most satisfactory' arbitration year". The Straits Times. 8 April 1963. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "TAN BOON CHIANG NOW CHIEF OF LABOUR COURT". The Straits Times. 16 September 1964. p. 4. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Archived from the original on 20 November 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  31. ↑ Chuang, Peck Ming (12 May 2011). "NTUC turns 50, pays tribute to 50 stalwarts". The Business Times. p. 10. Archived from the original on 20 November 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  32. ↑ "121 cases before arbitration court". The Straits Times. 17 February 1965. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 28 October 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  33. ↑ "Labour court vacancy: Nair hits out at delay". The Straits Times. 18 March 1965. p. 9. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 28 October 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  34. ↑ "Second industrial court reopens for hearings". The Straits Times. 11 June 1965. p. 6. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 28 October 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  35. ↑ "NATARAJAN TAKES OVER DUTIES". The Straits Times. 12 June 1965. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 28 October 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  36. ↑ "Labour court law amendments". The Straits Times. 31 December 1965. p. 4. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 2 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  37. ↑ "NTUC raps Arbitration Court for delay in making awards". The Straits Times. 5 April 1968. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 2 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  38. ↑ "Industrial Relations Bill: Parliament releases details of amendments". Eastern Sun. 14 July 1968. p. 3. Retrieved 2 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  39. ↑ "Labour court calls for better advocacy". The Straits Times. 12 July 1968. p. 8. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Archived from the original on 22 November 2025. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  40. ↑ "Arbitration court to move to City Hall". The Straits Times. 1 March 1987. p. 14. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  41. ↑ "IAC at City Hall". The Business Times. 4 March 1987. p. 2. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 7 July 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  42. ↑ "Court's new address". The Straits Times. 25 June 1988. p. 20. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 7 July 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  43. ↑ "New address". The Business Times. 28 June 1988. p. 2. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 7 July 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  44. ↑ "lAC criticises ministry over immigration officers' pay". The Straits Times. 23 October 1991. p. 24. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 7 July 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  45. ↑ "Ministry rapped". The New Paper. 23 October 1991. p. 4. OCLC 224529521. Retrieved 7 July 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  46. ↑ "Floppy disks with all CAs". The Straits Times. 13 October 1993. p. 24. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 7 July 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  47. ↑ Industrial Relations Act 1960. 3 September 2025. Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  48. ↑ Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965. 9 August 1965. s 13(2). Retrieved 20 July 2026.
  49. ↑ Krislov, Joseph; Leggett, Chris (March 1985). "Singapore's Industrial Arbitration Court: Changing Roles and Current Prospects". The Arbitration Journal. 40 (1): 18–23. ISSN 0003-7893.
  50. ↑ Connell, Julia; Burgess, John; Waring, Peter (11 September 2017). Cooke, Fang Lee; Kim, Sunghoon (eds.). Human Resource Management in City States: Dubai and Singapore. Routledge. pp. 364–365. doi:10.4324/9781315689005-24. ISBN 9781315689005. LCCN 2017014684. OCLC 1000526914.
  51. ↑ "Industrial Relations". Ministry of Manpower. Archived from the original on 29 May 2026. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  52. ↑ Harding, Andrew; Carter, Connie (2 October 2012). Hatchard, John; Perry-Kessaris, Amanda (eds.). The Singapore Model of Law and Development: Cutting Through the Complexity. London: Routledge-Cavendish. pp. 197–198. doi:10.4324/9781843145189-16. ISBN 9781843145189. OCLC 1100953622.
  53. ↑ "Arbitration Court's 'first'". The Straits Times. 1 March 1962. p. 4. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 1 June 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  54. ↑ Ramesh Divyanathan (13 October 1992). "Unions win landmark case against SIA". The Business Times. p. 3. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 7 July 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  55. ↑ Ahmad Osman (13 October 1992). "SIA 'cannot peg basic pay rises to productivity growth'". The Straits Times. p. 1. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 7 July 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  56. ↑ "Court rules on A380 pilots' pay rise". The New Paper. 20 November 2007. p. 5. OCLC 224529521. Retrieved 8 July 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  57. ↑ Francis, Leithen (2007). "SIA must pay A380 crews more". Flight International. Vol. 171, no. 5089. p. 10. eISSN 2059-3864. ISSN 0015-3710.
  58. ↑ Kaur, Karamjit (22 October 2011). "SilkAir wins case on flying allowance". The Straits Times. p. 12. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Factiva STIMES0020111021e7am0000n. Retrieved 7 July 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  59. 1 2 "Industrial Arbitration Court president retires". The Business Times. 8 December 1988. p. 3. OCLC 464696647. Archived from the original on 20 November 2025. Retrieved 24 October 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  60. ↑ "Counsel named JC and IAC chief". The Straits Times. 19 January 1991. p. 6. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 23 January 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  61. ↑ "Judicial Commissioner". The Business Times. 14 January 1991. p. 2. OCLC 464696647. Retrieved 23 January 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  62. 1 2 Ahmad Osman (24 September 1993). "Chao Hick Tin is new IAC president". The Straits Times. p. 14. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Archived from the original on 20 November 2025. Retrieved 5 November 2025 – via NewspaperSG.
  63. ↑ "Legal stalwart dedicated two-thirds of his life to public service". Today. 28 September 2017. p. 8. OCLC 46474542. Retrieved 23 January 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  64. ↑ "Annual Report of the President Industrial Arbitration Court 2002" (PDF). National Archives of Singapore. 21 August 2003. ISSN 0129-7988. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
  65. ↑ Rahayu Mohamed (23 January 2006). "Corporate Moves". The Edge Singapore. OCLC 321392333. Factiva EDGESI0020060222e21n0002u – via Factiva.
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  67. ↑ "Teo Keang Sood, Tan Lee Meng and Tan Yock Lin appointed as Emeritus Professors". National University of Singapore Faculty of Law. 28 May 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
  68. ↑ Ng, Huiwen (13 December 2018). "Judge of Appeal Judith Prakash's term extended 3 years, 4 High Court judges to get 2 more years". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
  69. ↑ Ang, Shermaine (15 November 2021). "Senior Judge of the Supreme Court and 2 new International Judges appointed for 2022". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Archived from the original on 19 May 2026. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
  70. 1 2 3 "Annual Report of the President Industrial Arbitration Court 2020" (PDF). National Archives of Singapore. 29 April 2021. ISSN 0129-7988. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
  71. ↑ "Annual Report of the President Industrial Arbitration Court 2021" (PDF). National Archives of Singapore. 1 June 2022. ISSN 0129-7988. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
  72. ↑ "NATARAJAN TAKES OVER DUTIES". The Straits Times. 12 June 1965. p. 5. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 February 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  73. ↑ Cheong, Yip Seng (3 January 1970). "LABOUR CALM MAKES ONE TRIBUNAL REDUNDANT". The Straits Times. p. 4. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 February 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  74. ↑ "IAC deputy president". The Straits Times. 29 April 1978. p. 13. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 February 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
  75. ↑ "District judge retires". The Straits Times. 19 July 1984. p. 12. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Retrieved 9 February 2026 – via NewspaperSG.
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  78. ↑ "Annual Report of the President Industrial Arbitration Court 2006" (PDF). National Archives of Singapore. 9 November 2007. ISSN 0129-7988. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
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  80. ↑ "Annual Report of the President Industrial Arbitration Court 2012" (PDF). National Archives of Singapore. 20 June 2013. ISSN 0129-7988. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
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  82. ↑ Low, Dominic (1 April 2020). "New Presiding Judge of State Courts appointed". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. OCLC 8572659. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2026.
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