Hyperalphalipoproteinemia
| Hyperalphalipoproteinemia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | HALP, Familial Hyperalphalipoproteinemia [1] |
 | |
| Two 4-ml samples of hyperlipidemic blood in a vacutainer with EDTA. The left tube has lipids separated into the top fraction after being left to settle for four hours without centrifugation. The right tube before centrifugation | |
| Specialty | Cardiology |
| Differential diagnosis | Hypertriglyceridemia Hyperlipidemia |
Hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HALP) is abnormally high levels of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in plasma above the 90th percentile of values in the general population.[2] Hyperalphalipoproteinemia represents a subset of dyslipidemia disorders and a superset of hypercholesterolemia. Hyperalphalipoproteinemia is a chronic disorder that is typically asymptomatic but epidemiological studies have shown contradictory results on the relationship between high density lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular risk in subjects with primary HALP.[2]
Signs and symptoms
Hyperalphalipoproteinemia, on its own, is almost entirely asymptomatic.[3] However, Extremely high levels of High-density lipoprotein categorized by Hyperalphalipoproteinemia, and can predispose one to more serious medical issues, including higher rates of cardiovascular disease.[4]
Causes
The major causes of hyperalphalipoproteinemia are various genetic mutations causing Apolipoprotein A-I overproduction and Apolipoprotein C-III variants leading to higher levels of High-density lipoprotein.[3] Individuals with a genetic predisposition for hyperalphalipoproteinemia or a family history are at a greater risk for this disease.
High-density-lipoprotein Cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the five main lipoproteins, composed of multiple proteins that carry fats (lipids) all around the body's cells.[5][6] It is generally considered to as "good cholesterol" because they transport fat molecules out of artery walls, reduce macrophage accumulation, and thus help prevent or even regress atherosclerosis.[6] It can be affected by behavioral or genetic factors, including tobacco use, obesity, inactivity, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, high carbohydrate diet, medication side effects (beta-blockers, anabolic steroids, progestins, benzodiazepines)[6] and genetic mutations.[2] Extremely high levels are categorized as greater than100 mg/dL.[7] While low levels are categorized as less than 40 mg/dL.[8]
References
- ↑ Probstfield DG (1989). "High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies". National Library of Medicine. 79 (1): 8–15. Bibcode:1989Circu..79....8G. doi:10.1161/01.cir.79.1.8. PMID 2642759.
- 1 2 3 Giammanco, Antonina; Noto, Davide; Barbagallo, Carlo Maria; Nardi, Emilio; Caldarella, Rosalia; Ciaccio, Marcello; Averna, Maurizio Rocco; Cefalù, Angelo Baldassare (2021-06-18). "Hyperalphalipoproteinemia and Beyond: The Role of HDL in Cardiovascular Diseases". Life. 11 (6): 581. Bibcode:2021Life...11..581G. doi:10.3390/life11060581. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 8235218. PMID 34207236.
- 1 2 "Isolated Elevated High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) Levels - Endocrinology". Merck Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 2026-04-14.
- ↑ Ryu, Ha-Eun; Jung, Dong Hyuk; Heo, Seok-Jae; Park, Byoungjin; Lee, Yong Jae (2025-05-15). "Extremely high HDL cholesterol paradoxically increases the risk of all-cause mortality in non-diabetic males from the Korean population: Korean genome and epidemiology study-health examinees (KoGES-HEXA) cohorts". Frontiers in Medicine. 12 1534524. doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1534524. ISSN 2296-858X. PMC 12119502. PMID 40443511.
- ↑ CDC (2026-03-13). "LDL and HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides". Cholesterol. Retrieved 2026-04-07.
- 1 2 3 "HDL: The "Good" Cholesterol". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2026-04-07.
- ↑ Inazu, Akihiro (2025-08-01). "Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Deficiency and Hyperalphalipoproteinemia". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 32 (8) RV22037: 911–923. doi:10.5551/jat.RV22037. ISSN 1880-3873. PMC 12328723. PMID 40436797.
- ↑ Kopin, L.; Lowenstein, C. (2017). "ACP Journals". Annals of Internal Medicine. 167 (11): ITC81–ITC96. doi:10.7326/AITC201712050. PMID 29204622. Retrieved 2026-04-07.