Hybridization in pines

Both naturally and artificially occurring pine species (Pinus) can hybridize, combining their genetic material and sometimes creating hybrids that can be more or less vigorous than their parent species. Examples of naturally occurring hybrid pines are Pinus × rhaetica a naturally occurring hybrid between mountain pine and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris);[1] and Pinus × sondereggeri a hybrid between loblolly pine (P. taeda) and longleaf pine (P. palustris).[2] An example of the many artificial hybrids is Pinus lambertiana × P. armandii.[3]

Subgenus Pinus

Pinus × rhaetica in Trentino, Italy

Includes both natural and artificial pine hybrids.

Subsection Pinus

  • Pinus × rhaetica, Pinus mugo × P. sylvestris – Rhaetic pine (Mountain pine × Scots pine) (natural)[1]
  • Pinus × neilreichiana, Pinus nigra × P. sylvestris – Neilreich's pine (European black pine × Scots pine) (natural)[4]
  • Pinus × funebris, Pinus densiflora × P. sylvestris – Japanese red pine × Scots pine (natural)[5][6]
  • Pinus × densithunbergii, Pinus densiflora × P. thunbergii – Japanese red pine × Japanese black pine (natural)[7]
  • Pinus densiflora × P. nigra – Japanese red pine × European black pine (artificial)[8]
  • Pinus nigra × P. resinosa – European black pine × red pine (artificial)

Subsection Pinaster

Subsection Ponderosae

  • Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa × P. arizonica – ponderosa pine (typical variety) × Arizona pine (artificial)
  • Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa × P. montezumae – ponderosa pine (typical variety) × Montezuma pine (artificial)
  • Pinus ponderosa subsp. scopulorum × P. montezumae – Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine × Montezuma pine (artificial)
  • Pinus engelmannii × P. montezumae – Apache pine × Montezuma pine (artificial)
  • Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa × P. engelmannii – ponderosa pine (typical variety) × Apache pine (artificial)
  • Pinus engelmannii × P. arizonica – Apache pine × Arizona pine (artificial)
  • Pinus engelmannii × P. ponderosa subsp. scopulorum – Apache pine × Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine (artificial)
  • Pinus jeffreyi × P. montezumae – Jeffrey pine × Montezuma pine (artificial)
  • Pinus jeffreyi × P. ponderosa subsp. ponderosa – Jeffrey pine × ponderosa pine (typical variety) (artificial)
  • Pinus jeffreyi × P. ponderosa subsp. scopulorum – Jeffrey pine × Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine (artificial)
  • Pinus jeffreyi × P. coulteri – Jeffrey pine × Coulter pine (artificial)

Subsection Contortae

Subsection Australes

  • Pinus × sondereggeri, Pinus palustris × P. taeda – Sonderegger's pine (Longleaf pine × loblolly pine) (natural)[2]
  • Pinus × attenuradiata, Pinus attenuata × P. radiata – knobcone pine × Monterey pine (natural)[12]
  • Pinus rigida × P. serotina – pitch pine × pond pine (natural)
  • Pinus elliottii × P. palustris – slash pine × longleaf pine (artificial)
  • Pinus elliottii × P. taeda – slash pine × loblolly pine (artificial)
  • Pinus echinata × P. elliottii – shortleaf pine × slash pine (artificial)
  • Pinus echinata × P. taeda – shortleaf pine × loblolly pine (artificial)
  • Pinus pungens × P. echinata – table mountain pine × shortleaf pine (artificial)
  • Pinus rigida × P. echinata – pitch pine × shortleaf pine (artificial)
  • Pinus x rigitaeda, Pinus rigida × P. taeda – pitlolly pine (pitch pine × loblolly pine) (artificial)
  • Pinus patula × P. greggii – Mexican weeping pine × Gregg's pine (artificial)
  • Pinus patula × P. radiata – Mexican weeping pine × Monterey pine (artificial)
  • Pinus attenuata × P. muricata – Knobcone pine × Bishop pine (artificial)

Subgenus Strobus

Pinus monophylla × P. edulis foliage
Pinus × holfordiana with its 30 cm cones

Includes both natural and artificial pine hybrids. There have been external reports of pine hybrids in the subgenus Strobus.[13]

Subsection Cembroides

  • Pinus × kohae, Pinus californiarum × P. edulis – California single-leaf pinyon × Colorado pinyon (natural)[14]
  • Pinus quadrifolia × P. californiarum – Parry's pinyon × California single-leaf pinyon [15]
  • Pinus monophylla × P. edulis – single-leaf pinyon × Colorado pinyon (natural)
  • Pinus quadrifolia × P. monophylla – Parry's pinyon × single-leaf pinyon (artificial)

Subsection Strobus

Pinus × hakkodensis
  • Pinus × hakkodensis, Pinus parviflora × P. pumila (natural) – Hakkoda pine (Japanese white pine × Japanese stone pine)[17]
  • Pinus × holfordiana, Pinus veitchii × P. wallichiana (artificial)[18] – Holford's pine (Veitch's white pine × blue pine)
  • Pinus × hunnewellii, Pinus parviflora × P. strobus (artificial)[19] – Hunnewell's white pine (Japanese white pine × eastern white pine)
  • Pinus monticola × P. parviflora – western white pine × Japanese white pine (artificial)
  • Pinus lambertiana × P. armandii – sugar pine × Chinese white pine (artificial)
  • Pinus lambertiana × P. koraiensis – sugar pine × Korean pine (artificial)
  • Pinus monticola × P. strobiformis – western white pine × southwestern white pine (artificial)
  • Pinus monticola × P. flexilis – western white pine × limber pine (artificial)
  • Pinus monticola × P. strobus – western white pine × eastern white pine (artificial)
Japanese stone pine cone (Pinus pumila, left) and Japanese stone pine × Siberian pine cone (Pinus pumila × P. sibirica, right). Anatomy of the cones and visible morphological differences in the hybridized cone
  • Pinus monticola × P. peuce – western white pine × Macedonian pine (artificial)
  • Pinus peuce × P. strobus – Macedonian pine × eastern white pine (artificial)
  • Pinus peuce × P. parviflora – Macedonian pine × Japanese white pine (artificial)
  • Pinus flexilis × P. wallichiana – limber pine × blue pine (artificial)
  • Pinus flexilis × P. strobus (artificial)[20] – Limber pine × eastern white pine
  • Pinus flexilis × P. ayacahuite – limber pine × Mexican white pine (artificial)
  • Pinus ayacahuite × P. strobus – Mexican white pine × eastern white pine (artificial)
  • Pinus × schwerinii, Pinus strobus × P. wallichiana – Schwerin's white pine (eastern white pine × blue pine) (artificial)
  • Pinus monticola × P. wallichiana – western white pine × blue pine (artificial)
  • Pinus cembra × P. sibirica – Swiss stone pine × Siberian pine (artificial)
  • Pinus cembra × P. albicaulis – Swiss stone pine × whitebark pine (artificial)
  • Pinus albicaulis × P. flexilis – whitebark pine × limber pine (artificial)
  • Pinus sibirica × P. cembra – Siberian pine × Swiss stone pine (artificial)
  • Pinus sibirica × P. koraiensis – Siberian pine × Korean pine (artificial)
  • Pinus armandii × P. koraiensis[13] – Chinese white pine × Korean pine (artificial)
  • Pinus strobus × P. ayacahuite (artificial)[21] – Eastern white pine × Mexican white pine

References

  1. 1 2 Christensen, K. I. (1987). Taxonomic revision of the Pinus mugo complex and P. × rhaetica (P. mugo × sylvestris) (Pinaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany. 7: 383–408.
  2. 1 2 "Pinus × sondereggeri H.H.Chapm. ex Sudw". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2026-08-15.
  3. ↑ "Botanical descriptions of 40 artificial pine hybrids" (PDF).
  4. ↑ "Pinus × neilreichiana Reichardt". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2026-08-15.
  5. ↑ Kozhevnikov, Andrey E.; Kozhevnikova, Zoya V.; Kwak, Myounghai; Lee, Byoung Yoon (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory (Russian Far East). National Institute of Biological Resources. p. 118. ISBN 978-89-6811-398-7. Retrieved 12 August 2026.
  6. ↑ Businský, Roman (2008). "The Genus Pinus L., Pines – contribution to knowledge". Acta Pruhoniciana (in Czech). 88: 99–100.
  7. ↑ "Pinus × densithunbergii Uyeki". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2026-08-15.
  8. ↑ "Pinus densiflora x nigra / Japanese red-European black pine hybrid | Conifer Species". American Conifer Society. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  9. ↑ "Pinus × galaiana Papaioannou". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2026-08-15.
  10. ↑ "Pinus × saportae Rouy". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2026-08-15.
  11. ↑ "Pinus × murraybanksiana Righter & Stockw". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2026-08-15.
  12. ↑ "Pinus × attenuradiata Stockw. & Righter". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2026-08-15.
  13. 1 2 sjgbloom2012 (2015-08-04). "Pinus armandii x P. koraiensis • Korean Pine". SJG bloom. Retrieved 2022-03-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ "Pinus × kohae Frankis". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2026-08-15.
  15. ↑ Buck, Ryan; Hyasat, S.; Hossfeld, A.; Flores-Rentería, L. (13 August 2020). "Patterns of hybridization and cryptic introgression among one- and four-needled pinyon pines". Annals of Botany. 126 (3): 401–411. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaa045. PMC 7424738. PMID 32222765. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  16. ↑ Goroshkevich, Sergej N. (2004). "Natural Hybridization between Russian Stone Pine (Pinus sibirica) and Japanese Stone Pine (Pinus pumila)" (PDF). US Forest Service. Retrieved 2022-03-24.
  17. ↑ "Pinus × hakkodensis Makino". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2026-08-15.
  18. ↑ "Pinus × holfordiana / Holford's pine | Conifer Species". American Conifer Society. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  19. ↑ "Pinus × hunnewellii / Hunnewell's white pine | Conifer Species". American Conifer Society. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  20. ↑ Critchfield, William B. (1986). "Hybridization and classification of the white pines (Pinus section Strobus)". Taxon. 35 (4): 647–656. Bibcode:1986Taxon..35..647C. doi:10.2307/1221606. JSTOR 1221606.
  21. ↑ "Pinus strobus × ayacahuite / hybrid pine | Conifer Species". American Conifer Society. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
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