Anthoxanthum cupreum
| Anthoxanthum cupreum | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | Anthoxanthum |
| Species: | A. cupreum |
| Binomial name | |
| Anthoxanthum cupreum (Zotov) de Lange & C.J.James | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Hierochloe cuprea Zotov | |
Anthoxanthum cupreum, also known as holy grass, is a species of grass endemic to New Zealand.[1][2] It was described as Hierochloe cuprea by Russian-New Zealand botanist Victor Zotov in 1973.[3]
Distribution
Anthoxanthum cupreum is endemic to New Zealand. In the North Island, it is found on Taranaki Maunga, as well as in the Ruahine and Tararua Ranges. In the South Island, it is found from Kahurangi National Park, throughout the Southern Alps, in Victoria Forest Park, as well as in the mountains near Dunedin.[4][5]
The type specimen was collected west of Kime Hut in the Tararua Ranges at c. 1400 metres above sea level, by Victor Zotov in 1933.[3]
Habitat
Anthoxanthum cupreum is an alpine species found in stream-side or tarn-side vegetation, damp flushes, and seepages within tussock grassland, cushion bogs and fell field.[6][7]
Biology
Anthoxanthum cupreum, like all New Zealand Anthoxanthum species that were formerly placed in Hierochloe, is andromonoecious.[8][9] This means that plants have both hermaphrodite and male flowers. In particular, the florets in these species have two male florets on the outsides of their spikelets, while the floret in the middle is a hermaphrodite.[10]
The base chromosomes number of native New Zealand Anthoxanthum is 2n = 7. A. cupreum, is the only species not to have had a chromosome count. Other chromosome counts include hexaploids, tetraploids, and 12-ploids.[11]
Ecology
Anthoxanthum cupreum is a host of the smut fungus Tilletia cathcartae.[12] Prior to the evacuation of kakapō from the mainland South Island, A. cupreum was recorded as a food plant, with kakapō eating its shoots.[13]
The pollination and dispersal of A. cupreum are by wind.[14]
Threats
Anthoxanthum cupreum is classified as At Risk - Declining under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. It is believed to be declining, but the trend is unclear.[15]
Taxonomy
Anthoxanthum cupreum was described as Hierochloe cuprea by Russian-New Zealand botanist Victor Zotov in 1973.[3] In 1985, Dutch botanists Yolanda Schouten and Jan Frederik Veldkamp moved the Malesian and Thai species of Anthoxanthum, and considered the native Hierochloe species to be a part of that genus.[16] However, they left New Zealand species in the genus Hierochloe. New Zealand botanist Henry Connor considered the two genera to be distinct, on the basis of their different reproductive system (andromonoecism) and base chromosome number (x = 7 c.f. x = 5). In 2024, Peter de Lange created names for all New Zealand species under Anthoxanthum.[17]
Gallery
References
- ↑ "Flora of New Zealand | Taxon Profile | Hierochloe cuprea". www.nzflora.info. Retrieved 2026-08-21.
- ↑ "Anthoxanthum cupreum (Zotov) de Lange & C.J.James - Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2026-05-17. Retrieved 2026-08-21.
- 1 2 3 Zotov, V. D. (September 1973). "Hierochloe R. Br. (Gramineae) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 11 (3): 561–580. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1973.10430299. ISSN 0028-825X.
- ↑ Connor (2000). "Hierochloe cuprea".
- ↑ Herbaria, jurisdiction:Australian Government Departmental Consortium;corporateName:Council of Heads of Australasian. "Partners". avh.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2026-08-21.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Anthoxanthum cupreum". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 2026-08-21.
- ↑ "Specimen Details". scd.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 2026-08-21.
- ↑ Connor, H. E. (2008-03-19). "Floral biology of Australian species of Hierochloe (Gramineae)". Australian Journal of Botany. 56 (2): 166–176. doi:10.1071/BT07035. ISSN 0067-1924.
- ↑ "Reproduction - Flora of New Zealand Series". floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2026-05-08. Retrieved 2026-08-21.
- ↑ "Hierochloe".
- ↑ Murray, Bg; de Lange, Pj (2013). "Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora – 40. Miscellaneous counts for 36 families". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 51 (1): 31–60. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2012.747969. ISSN 1175-8643.
- ↑ "Tilletia cathcartae Durán & G.W. Fisch. 1961 - Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2026-03-14. Retrieved 2026-08-21.
- ↑ "The habitat, food and feeding ecology of kakapo in Fiordland: a synopsis from the unpublished MSc thesis of Richard Gray". Birds New Zealand. Retrieved 2026-08-21.
- ↑ Thorsen, Michael; Dickinson, Katharine; Seddon, Philip (2009-05-22). "Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics: 285–309. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.06.001.
- ↑ Lange, Peter James; Gosden, Jane; Courtney, Shannel; Fergus, Alexander; Barkla, John; Beadel, Sarah; Champion, Paul; Hindmarsh-Walls, Rowan; Makan, Troy (2024-10-01). Conservation status of vascular plants in Aotearoa New Zealand, 2023.
- ↑ Schouten, Yolanda; Veldkamp, J. F. (1985-01-01). "A revision of Anthoxanthum including Hierochloë (Gramineae) in Malesia and Thailand". Blumea: Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants. 30 (2): 319–351. ISSN 2212-1676.
- ↑ P.j, de Lange; C.j, James (2024). "New combinations in Anthoxanthum (Poaceae) for Aotearoa / New Zealand taxa earlier placed in Hierochloe". Ukrainian Botanical Journal. 81 (4): 259–262. doi:10.15407/ukrbotj81.04.259.
