Green-Wood Cemetery

Green-Wood Cemetery
The Gothic Revival entrance to the cemetery at 25th Street, designed by Richard M. Upjohn. The entrance consists of two pointed stone arches.
The Gothic Revival entrance to the cemetery at 25th Street, designed by Richard M. Upjohn
Green-Wood Cemetery is located in New York City
Green-Wood Cemetery
Location within New York City
Green-Wood Cemetery is located in New York
Green-Wood Cemetery
Location within New York
Green-Wood Cemetery is located in the United States
Green-Wood Cemetery
Location within the United States
Interactive map of Green-Wood Cemetery
Location500 25th Street, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Coordinates40°39′09″N 73°59′28″W / 40.65250°N 73.99111°W / 40.65250; -73.99111
Area478 acres (193 ha)
Built1838[1]
ArchitectCemetery: David Bates Douglass
Gates: Richard M. Upjohn
Chapel: Warren & Wetmore
Weir Greenhouse: G. Curtis Gillespie
NRHP reference No.97000228
NYSRHP No.04701.000019
NYCL No.0149, 1197, 1233
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMarch 8, 1997[2][3]
Designated NHLDSeptember 20, 2006[4]
Designated NYSRHPAugust 8, 1983[5]
Designated NYCLGates: April 19, 1966[6]
Weir Greenhouse: April 13, 1982[7]
Fort Hamilton Parkway Gate & Green-Wood Cemetery Chapel: April 12, 2016[8]

Green-Wood Cemetery is a 478-acre (193 ha) cemetery in western Brooklyn, New York City, United States. The cemetery occupies a site with varied topography created by glacial moraines, particularly the Harbor Hill Moraine. The landscape design by David Bates Douglass incorporates rolling hills and lakes, including Brooklyn's highest natural point at Battle Hill. Green-Wood also includes four gates and several shelters designed by Richard Upjohn, along with a chapel designed by Warren and Wetmore. There are elaborate monuments to some of the dead. As of 2024, the cemetery has 570,000 interments, including many politicians, soldiers, artists, and businessmen.

Green-Wood Cemetery was founded in 1838 as a rural cemetery, in a time of rapid urbanization when churchyards in Brooklyn and the then-separate city of New York City were becoming overcrowded. Described as "Brooklyn's first public park by default long before Prospect Park was created",[9] Green-Wood Cemetery was so popular that it inspired competitions to design nearby parks. The cemetery had reached its final size by 1863, though landscaping and building construction continued through the 19th century. More facilities were added during the 20th century, including a new receiving tomb in 1909, a chapel in 1913, and a crematorium in the 1950s. The cemetery was nearing capacity by the 1990s, prompting its operators to begin hosting events such as concerts and tours to attract visitors.

Green-Wood Cemetery is a nonprofit cemetery and conducts burials and cremations. The cemetery is open for public visitation and hosts hundreds of annual events. The Green-Wood Historic Fund, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit institution, helps organize preservation and programs. Over the years, there has been commentary on Green-Wood's bucolic nature. The cemetery is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark, and two of the gates, the Weir Greenhouse, and the chapel are New York City designated landmarks.

Description

An 1899 map of the cemetery, depicting the borders and various roads, hills, and ponds inside the cemetery
An 1899 map of the cemetery

Green-Wood Cemetery is a nonsectarian cemetery[10] occupying 478 acres (193 ha) in western Brooklyn, New York City, United States.[11][12][13] Its site is characterized by varied topography created by glacial moraines, particularly the Harbor Hill Moraine.[12][14] Its boundaries include, among other streets, 20th Street to the northeast, Fifth Avenue to the northwest, 36th and 37th Streets to the southwest, Fort Hamilton Parkway to the south, and McDonald Avenue to the east.[15][16][17] The cemetery is bounded on all sides by urban development, including industrial shops, apartment buildings, and houses.[14][18] Green-Wood was inspired by Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, which at the time retained the primarily axial formality of Alexandre Théodore Brongniart's original design, and by Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where a cemetery in a naturalistic park-like landscape in the English manner was first established.[19][18]

Landscaping and circulation

David Bates Douglass, Green-Wood's landscape architect, mostly kept the cemetery's natural landscaping intact,[20] laying out 59 avenues, 4 formal walks, and 180 walkways.[18] The roads are variously cited as stretching 20 miles (32 km)[21] or 22 miles (35 km).[22] The footpaths extend another 40 miles (64 km).[21] Much of Douglass's plan is still in place with its original plantings and curving-road systems. The original street names and original cast-iron perimeter fence have been retained, but many of the roads have been paved.[23] The cemetery has been expanded several times.[24][25] Most of these regions have been landscaped to resemble the original plot, except the area to the south, which is flatter because it was acquired last.[23]

The geology of the landscape includes glacial till, which is highly varied in composition.[18] Among the cemetery's natural features is Battle Hill (a.k.a. Gowan's Heights), the highest point in Brooklyn, rising approximately 216 feet (66 m) above sea level.[12][26] Battle Hill was the site of a skirmish during the Battle of Long Island on August 27, 1776.[18][27] The landscape also includes rolling hills and dales, several ponds, and an on-site chapel.[28][29] Many of the landscape features are named after terms that evoke a naturalistic scene, such as Camellia Path, Halcyon Lake, Oaken Bluff, Sylvan Cliff, and Vista Hill.[23]

The cemetery is commonly cited as having 7,000 trees,[11][12][30] though one New York Times article from 1954 described Green-Wood as containing 30,000 trees.[21] Plaques on these trees, and on "memorial benches" throughout the grounds, can be purchased by families of the deceased.[18] A New York Daily News article from 1999 cited the cemetery as having 65,000 plantings, including both shrubs and trees.[31]

Graves

As of 2024, Green-Wood Cemetery contains 570,000 graves.[30][32][33] The graves are classified into multiple types, including single and double graves.[34] Approximately a third of the interments are in parcels with one grave, or in public lots around the cemetery's perimeter. Tombstones in these lots tended not to be anchored to the ground. Farther inside the cemetery are private tracts with multiple graves, which tend to be more expensive than single-grave sites and public lots.[33] Private tracts, both for single and multiple burials, can be individually consecrated if that process is required for the deceased's faith.[10] There are also in-ground burial sites throughout Green-Wood.[34] Green-Wood also allows green burials throughout its grounds (see Green-Wood Cemetery § Operations), though many green burials are concentrated in a specific section formerly allocated to the Reformed Dutch Church of Brooklyn.[35] Lots could be taken back by the cemetery if they have not been used for an interment for 75 years.[18]

The gravediggers are union workers and, as of 2025, oversee at least one new interment daily. Due to the varied geology, gravediggers are required to undergo a 40-day trial period before being hired.[18] By the 21st century there were just a few gravediggers due to a decrease in the number of burials, as well as the limited amount of space for new burials.[36] Because of this shortage of space, several family members may be buried atop each other in some plots.[18][36] At these locations, up to six decedents (three cremated and three buried) may be stacked in a single plot, occupying three tiers 5 to 9 feet (1.5 to 2.7 m) deep.[18]

Graves, along with memorial structures such as monuments and mausoleums, are generally maintained by families of the deceased, rather than by cemetery officials.[37][38] Historically, if families failed to keep graves and memorials clean, they received warnings from cemetery officials.[38] As of 2025, single graves started at over $20,000, while mausoleums were significantly more expensive.[18][39] As with other New York state cemeteries, 10% of the graves' cost is put into a maintenance fund for the cemetery.[40]

Monuments and mausoleums

The New Yorker wrote in 2025 that the cemetery had about a quarter-million memorials, including about 500 mausoleums.[18] Another source from 1999 cites figures of 10 mausoleums shared by members of certain communities, along with 650 privately-built mausoleums.[31] Monuments and mausoleums in the cemetery are designed in several styles, including the Victorian,[26][41] Classical, Egyptian, Gothic, and Romanesque.[42][43] Some monuments and mausoleums were designed by popular architects of the time, including Minard Lafever, Richard Upjohn, and Warren and Wetmore.[42] The cemetery's National Register of Historic Places designation divides these monuments into four categories: those honoring events or professions; those with architectural significance; those whose graves contain people of historical significance; and "monuments of sculptural interest".[43] Many monuments and mausoleums have motifs such as angels, baseballs, clasped hands, empty beds, hourglasses, horses, and owls, and some of them also have stained glass windows.[18] The cemetery has a small number of white bronze mausoleums, though these were no longer manufactured after World War I and were subjects of vandalism.[44]

Green-Wood's more elaborate mausoleums include William Niblo's Grand Gothic mausoleum, the Steinway family's Classical mausoleum, Abiel Abbot Low's tomb, and the Lispenard family's Norman-style mausoleum.[43] A mausoleum of restaurateur Charles Feltman is designed in the style of a temple,[18][45] and another for San Francisco mayor C. K. Garrison was designed in the Moorish Revival style by Griffith Thomas.[46] Henry Evelyn Pierrepont, the merchant who cofounded Green-Wood Cemetery, is buried in a mausoleum designed by Upjohn on one of Green-Wood's few manmade hills.[47] A terracotta-and-marble monument, built for soda water manufacturer John Matthews, has gargoyles that function as gutters.[48] Stanford White designed another mausoleum for the family of arts patron Isabella Stewart, whose infant son is buried there; this mausoleum contains sculpture by Augustus Saint-Gaudens.[41] Another prominent mausoleum is that of 17-year-old debutante Charlotte Canda,[13][49] designed in the Gothic style;[43] her tomb was among the cemetery's most popular in the mid-19th century.[10]

Mausoleum of William Niblo as seen from across a pond
William Niblo mausoleum
The John Matthews monument, with marble and terracotta
John Matthews monument
The Charlotte Canda monument
Charlotte Canda monument

Besides the mausoleums, the cemetery includes other elaborate monuments to those interred at the cemetery.[43] Among the first monuments was a statue of DeWitt Clinton, built in 1853.[50][51] There is a High Victorian pier designed by William or Edward Potter for their relatives;[43] a monument depicting housewife Jane Griffith waving goodbye to her husband on the day of her sudden death;[52][21] and a statue called Angel of Music atop the tomb of musician Louis Moreau Gottschalk.[53] On the east side of the cemetery is the Sylvanus U. Reynolds and Matilda Ross monument, depicting a woman on a bathtub-shaped sarcophagus.[54] Another monument honors six members of the Brown family lost in the SS Arctic disaster of 1854; this incorporates a sculpture of the ship, half-submerged by the waves, as well as an American Civil War memorial.[55] Other monuments of note include the Pilots' Monument and the Sea Captain's Monument, each dedicated to a notable person in these respective professions.[56] There is also a monument for victims of the September 11 attacks, more than 100 of whom are buried at Green-Wood.[57]

In 1868–1876, after the American Civil War ended, the 35-foot-tall (11 m) Civil War Soldiers' Monument was erected at the highest point in Green-Wood.[58][59] A Revolutionary War monument by Frederick Ruckstull, Altar to Liberty: Minerva, was erected at the cemetery's highest point in 1919, facing the Statue of Liberty across New York Harbor.[21] J. Marion Sims, a monument of gynecologist J. Marion Sims by Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller, is also installed in Green-Wood;[29] the statue was formerly in Bryant Park, then in Central Park.[60] The statue The Triumph of Civic Virtue by Frederick MacMonnies, which has been at Green-Wood since 2013.[61]

Numerous other monuments to notable figures are simple in design, such as the tombs of Samuel Morse, William M. Tweed, Lola Montez, Henry Ward Beecher, and Currier and Ives.[43] A group of simple black markers were built for the family of Louis Comfort Tiffany.[62]

Mass graves

There are several mass graves at Green-Wood, where tens to hundreds of people may be buried.[18] Among these are the Freedom Lots,[63] seven parcels at the cemetery's southwest corner where the remains of 1,300 African Americans are interred.[64] Also at Green-Wood is a mass grave for 103 unidentified victims of the 1876 Brooklyn Theatre fire.[65][66] The Brooklyn Theatre plot, leased by the New York City government,[67] is marked by a 30-foot-tall (9.1 m) obelisk.[68] The cemetery contains a common grave with the unidentified remains of victims of the 1960 New York mid-air collision, adjacent to a memorial for the victims.[69]

Buildings and structures

Gates

Main entrance gate at 25th Street
Detail of "Weep Not", one of John Moffitt's sculpted panels at the front gate
"Weep Not", one of John Moffitt's sculpted panels
A monk parakeet colony at the main gate

The cemetery has four gates designed by Upjohn in Gothic Revival style.[16] Two are city landmarks: the main gate at 25th Street to the northwest, which is closest to South Slope/Greenwood Heights, and Fort Hamilton Parkway to the south, which is in Kensington.[19][16] One of the other two Upjohn gates, at 20th Street and Prospect Park West, provides access from the northeast and is in Windsor Terrace. The other, at 34th Street and Fourth Avenue, provides access from the southwest and is located next to Sunset Park and the 36th Street station of the New York City Subway, serving the D​, ​N​, and ​R trains.[16] These gates were developed from the 1840s to the 1860s. A fifth gate at Ninth Avenue and 37th Street no longer exists.[70][71]

The main entrance to the cemetery, a double-arched gate located at 25th Street and Fifth Avenue near its northwestern corner, was built in 1861–1865, though the entrance itself opened in 1862.[24][72] It is composed of Belleville, New Jersey, brownstone. The sculptured groups on Nova Scotia limestone panels depicting biblical scenes of death and resurrection from the New Testament including Lazarus, The Widow's Son, and Jesus' Resurrection over the gateways are the work of sculptor John M. Moffitt.[19][6] In between the two gateways is a clock tower in the Flamboyant style.[73][6] The tower measures 106 feet (32 m) tall.[73] A cemetery office is to one side of the gate, while the chapel and reception room are on the opposite side.[73][6] A descendant colony of monk parakeets that are believed to have escaped their containers while in transit nests in the spires of the gate.[74][75] The New York Community Trust placed a Designated Landmarks of New York plaque on the gate in 1958.[76]

The visitor building at the cemetery's Fort Hamilton entrance, a one-story brownstone building with a steep gable roof and a protruding chimney
The visitor building at the cemetery's Fort Hamilton entrance

The Fort Hamilton gate is located at Fort Hamilton Parkway and Micieli Place. Similar to the 25th Street gate, it is made of a double gateway made of brownstone. It is also flanked by two structures, a visitor's lounge and the gatekeeper's residence.[77][78] The gate was built between 1876 and 1887.[79] The visitor's lounge, a 1+1⁄2-story structure, is east of the gate. It has a central entrance , two side bays with porches, restrooms for men and women, and a sloping hip roof made of gray slate with metal ornamentation and dormers.[80] The west side of the entrance contains the gatekeeper's residence, a brownstone structure consisting of a 3+1⁄2-story central tower and two shorter pavilions, which is similar in design to the visitor's lounge. Both pavilions have gray slate roofs, and the building includes various windows and doorway entrances; the roof of the central tower contains a stone chimney.[81]

Chapel

A side view of the cemetery's chapel, a stone structure with a tower and Gothic tracery on its facade
A side view of the chapel at the cemetery

The Green-Wood Cemetery chapel, designed by Warren and Wetmore,[56][82][83] occupies the site of one of Green-Wood's original ponds.[84][85][86] The chapel is located near the 25th Street gate,[87] near the cemetery's receiving tomb.[85][86] Though it is generally designed in the Neo-Gothic[88] or late Gothic style, its massing is in the Beaux-Arts style.[77] It was patterned after the Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford.[89] The chapel, an interdenominational house of worship,[34] was made a city landmark in 2016.[90]

The chapel is clad with limestone[82][91] sourced from a quarry in Bedford, Indiana.[92] The exterior consists of multiple towers, including a central, domed octagonal tower and an octagonal turrets at each corner.[91] From ground level to the pinnacle of the dome, the chapel measures about 88 feet (27 m) high.[82][93] Inside are three stories: a ground level, a clerestory level, and a second story in the central tower.[91] The chapel has a rectangular chancel with space for 100 people. The chancel has marble floors with mosaic borders, a marble altar, quartered-oak cabinetry and sacristy, stained glass windows depicting various Biblical scenes, and a stone vaulted ceiling.[82]

Other structures

Several wooden shelters were also built, including one in a Gothic Revival style, one resembling an Italian villa, and another resembling a Swiss chalet.[94][73] These shelters, designed by Richard Upjohn, had largely deteriorated by the late 20th century except for a ladies' shelter.[73]

The cemetery also has a receiving tomb for corpses needing interment. The original receiving tomb was built in 1853[25] and was rebuilt in 1909.[95][96] The modern receiving tomb, which reuses the exterior of the original receiving tomb, is located at Willow and Sycamore avenues near the cemetery's entrance. It measures 132 by 56 feet (40 by 17 m) and has a freestone entrance porch, which leads to a 46-by-25-foot (14.0 by 7.6 m) entrance hall.[95][96] There are black metal vents on the ground just above the tomb.[83] The modern receiving tomb also has a columbarium with space for 340 funerary urns,[95][96] which is also an interdenominational facility.[34] The columbarium has a ceiling with motifs of a blue sky and clouds.[97]

The Hillside Mausoleum is a utilitarian structure near Ocean Hill.[98] The adjacent Hillside Mausoleum addition, designed by Platt Byard Dovell White, is an above-ground building spanning 8,000 square feet (740 m2).[40] It is variously cited as four[99] or five stories high, and has space for 3,800 urns and 2,300 coffins.[40][98] The Hillside Mausoleum annex is designed in a modernist style with a glass facade resembling waterfalls, as well as a roof terrace abutting Ocean Hill.[40][98] Inside are lavish decorations such as ipe wood stairs, anigre niches, flute-glass vigil lights, and brass bud vases.[40] There are also two multi-story waterfalls in the mausoleum annex.[40][100][101]

Green-Wood Cemetery also has an executive office building dating from the 1990s.[97][102] The executive office building, spanning 6,000 square feet (560 m2), is adjacent to the cemetery's crematory and is illuminated by blue transom windows.[97]

History

Founding and construction

Richard Upjohn's memorial to Hezekiah Pierrepont and his family, a stone mausoleum
The mausoleum of the family of Henry Evelyn Pierrepont, a founder of the cemetery

Following the founding of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts in 1831, the leaders of New York City and the then-independent city of Brooklyn began discussing locations for a cemetery of their own. At the time, over 10,000 people were being buried per year in the two cities.[25] The cemetery was the idea of Henry Evelyn Pierrepont, a Brooklyn social leader.[103][56] As early as 1832, Pierrepont was considering constructing such a cemetery on a hilly area to the east of Gowanus Bay.[25][56] Acts of incorporation for "The Greenwood Cemetery" were passed on April 18, 1838, entitling the corporation to a capital of $300,000 and the right to 200 acres (81 ha) of land.[25][104] The name was given by its landscape architect David Bates Douglass, who said it elicited "verdure, shade, ruralness, natural beauty", in contrast with the urban development of Brooklyn.[18] Douglass started working on the layout in 1838. He opposed an early suggestion to call the cemetery a necropolis, as he thought the landscaped site should also attract the living.[28]

On April 11, 1839, a modification to that act was enacted, changing the corporation to a nonprofit organization.[104] Construction started in May 1839, and the first interment was performed on September 5, 1840;[25][56] the first recorded burial at Green-Wood was that of Sarah Hanna, interred that date.[18][105] At that point, the cemetery commissioners decided to enclose the site with a long picket fence (later replaced with a metal fence in 1860).[24] Douglass kept the cemetery's natural landscaping mostly intact, working on the project until he resigned in 1841.[20] Douglass modeled his two subsequently designed garden cemeteries upon Green-Wood: Albany Rural Cemetery (1845–1846), located in Menands, New York, and Mount Hermon Cemetery (1848), in Quebec City.[106] Though the cemetery's official name was always spelled as two hyphenated words (i.e. "Green-Wood"), it was frequently misspelled in newspapers as "Greenwood". The incorrect spelling became predominant over time, to the point where copyeditors in some newsrooms changed instances of "Green-Wood" back to "Greenwood".[17]

Initially, some 4.5 miles (7.2 km) of roads were paved inside Green-Wood to showcase its natural scenery.[24] The earliest map dating from 1846 indicates that there were originally three ponds in Green-Wood: Sylvan Water, Green-Isle Water, and Arbor Water, all on the western side of the modern cemetery.[107] Green-Wood charged $100 (equivalent to $3,000 in 2024) for a 14-by-27-foot (4.3 by 8.2 m) burial parcel.[18][72] There were originally very few burials per year.[18][24] By 1843, there had been 352 burials total, though the number of burials doubled just in the next year. Throughout the 1840s, several churches were allocated plots in Green-Wood Cemetery. These included the Dutch Protestant Reformed, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Unitarian, and German Lutheran churches of Brooklyn.[24] Henry E. Pierrepont also acquired eight burial plots for himself and his family; he outlived the cemetery's other cofounders, surviving until 1888.[47]

Expansion and growing popularity

1840s to 1860s

As early as the 1840s, the cemetery had 30,000 visitors per season during the spring and fall; the visitors took horse-drawn carriages or ferries to the cemetery.[108] To accommodate those who came to the cemetery, a ferry service to the cemetery was established in 1846.[71] The burial ground was expanded multiple times. Originally 175 acres were enclosed, stretching between 21st and 37th Streets from 5th to 9th Avenue.[71] The first additional acquisition in 1847 was for 65 acres (26 ha) at the southwest corner of the cemetery, adjacent to the contemporary border of the city of Brooklyn. Another 85 acres (34 ha) to the east was acquired in 1852 through the annexation of land in the then-separate village of Flatbush.[25][24] By then, half of the land was forested or wooded.[109] Finally, in 1858 another 23 acres (9.3 ha) was acquired at the southeastern corner of the cemetery grounds. A plot at the southeast corner of the cemetery was purchased in 1863, allowing the commissioners to straighten out that border.[24][25]

This era was also associated with the construction of other structures. A receiving tomb was installed in 1853, and around the same time, the ponds were cleaned and landscaped.[25] A "Chapel Hill" was also set aside within the cemetery, and though Richard Upjohn submitted plans for a cemetery chapel in 1855, Green-Wood initially voted against such a chapel.[89][24] The main gate at 5th Avenue and 25th Street was built in 1861–65, followed by other entrances near the cemetery's service yard; at 9th Avenue and 20th Street; and at 9th Avenue and 37th Street (later removed).[71] In addition, a gatekeeper's house was installed at the original southern entrance in 1848, the "Thirty Vaults" catacombs in 1854, and a well house in 1855.[24]

Governor DeWitt Clinton statue at Green-Wood Cemetery
Governor DeWitt Clinton statue at Green-Wood Cemetery

Various fauna were being introduced to the cemetery by the 1850s.[24] Green-Wood became more popular after former governor DeWitt Clinton was disinterred from a cemetery in Albany, the New York state capital, and moved to Green-Wood, where a monument to him was erected in 1853.[50][51] An 1854 article in the Gleason's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion noted that Green-Wood had a variety of wooden buildings, including an old English-style carriage, and that the cemetery was served by carriages leading to the ferry.[109]

By the early 1860s, Green-Wood was drawing annual crowds of over 500,000,[38] second in size in New York state only to Niagara Falls.[29] At the time, rural countries across the US were gaining in popularity.[110] Numerous guides to the cemetery were published for these visitors, including an illustrated guidebook and a directory, as well as a cemetery history and a handbook.[108] The cemetery had 7,000 annual burials and 100,000 graves.[72] The paths were paved in the 1860s to allow for easier transport within the cemetery.[24] By that decade, public streetcar and elevated lines were being established across Brooklyn, making it easier to access.[71][110] In particular, the opening of the Fifth Avenue Elevated station at 25th Street, near the main entrance, benefited lot owners in Green-Wood Cemetery.[111] Cemetery officials began selling stereo cards to visitors.[110]

1870s to 1890s

Several additional ponds were carved out through the 1870s, including Border Water, Dell Water, Crescent Water, Dale Water, and Meadow Water.[107] In 1876, Green-Wood built the Fort Hamilton gate to accommodate the anticipated extra crowds. By the end of the 19th century, several florists, greenhouses, and monument sellers had opened shops near each of the gates.[71] One such structure was the Weir Greenhouse, located across from the 25th Street entrance; that building was designed by George Curtis Gillespie.[112]

Improvements also continued throughout the late 19th century. In 1871, Border Water was partially eliminated to make extra burial space, and in 1874, the cemetery was slightly expanded to 440 acres (180 ha). Also, an underground drainage system, extra roads, and a permanent stone fence were built through the late 1870s. The cemetery was enlarged again in 1884 to 474 acres (192 ha) via the acquisition of land on the northern border. To prevent the view being marred by the construction of tenements, Green-Wood also purchased lots on the southwest corner.[113] By the 1890s, a reservoir was added atop Mt. Washington, the highest point in the cemetery, while two ponds had been removed.[111][107] At the turn of the century, an old engine house, stables, and several enclosures around burial plots were being removed, while waiting rooms and restrooms were added at the southern entrance. During this period, thousands of trees were planted, and roads continued to be graded.[111]

"Mount Greenwood in Brooklyn", a late 19th century portrait by George Bradford Brainerd
Mount Greenwood in Brooklyn, a late 19th century portrait by George Bradford Brainerd

Most famous New Yorkers who died during the second half of the 19th century were buried at Green-Wood.[25] Starting in 1862, free interments were offered to the families of New York soldiers who died in war.[24] In 1868, work started on the installation of the Civil War Soldiers' Monument at the highest point in Green-Wood to commemorate hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers who fought in the war.[58] The monument was not dedicated until 1876.[59] A memorial was also built to the victims of the 1876 Brooklyn Theatre fire.[56][114] Brooklyn, and by extension Green-Wood, became part of the City of Greater New York in 1898.[115][85]

20th century

1900s to 1920s

By the 1900s, the cemetery was described in Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening magazine as the "largest and most important cemetery in Greater New York", averaging about 3,000 new burials per year.[116] Green-Wood was non-sectarian,[117] but was generally favored by white Anglo-Saxon Protestants of good repute; one early regulation prevented those executed for a crime, or even dying in jail, from being buried there. The family of infamous political leader "Boss" Tweed managed to circumvent this rule even though he died in the Ludlow Street Jail.[118] Another rule during that time prevented the erection of mausoleums with exposed perpendicular joints, though a cemetery official in 1907 found that many mausoleums violated this rule, of which 75% required "considerable attention" due to serious structural issues.[119] Parcel owners had to explicitly bequeath their parcels to their heirs, who otherwise had to file affidavits to take over these lots.[120] A new receiving tomb was built at Green-Wood in 1909 for $60,000.[95][96] Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening reported that the cemetery had 345,000 burials,[116] but Rider's New York City wrote in 1916 that the cemetery had 325,000 burials by then.[56]

Old entrance gate
Old entrance right-of-way from 20th Street
View of old entrance gate and 20th Street right-of-way into the cemetery

A new location for the cemetery's long-delayed chapel was selected at Arbor Water in the first decade of the 20th century. Plans were solicited from three firms in 1909,[89] and Warren and Wetmore won the commission for the chapel.[85][89] The cemetery announced plans for the new chapel in 1910,[82][86] and John Thatcher was hired to build it.[85][92] Work started the next year,[89] but completion of the chapel was delayed due to cemetery officials' demands that no masonry construction take place during the winter.[93] The chapel was completed in 1913.[88][89] In 1915, the entrance at 20th Street was realigned to connect with 9th Avenue/Prospect Park West, and another pond was drained.[121]

The landscape was in decline by the late 1910s.[121] Gravediggers went on strike in 1919 to protest low wages, but they returned to work within a week, without having received any concessions.[122] A war monument, dedicated to veterans from Long Island, was dedicated at the cemetery in 1920;[123] there were also proposals at the time to add a memorial obelisk to the cemetery, similar to Boston's Bunker Hill Monument.[124] By that decade, Green-Wood had a maintenance fund of at least $2 million.[125] Dead trees were removed in the 1920s, and a five-year road repaving project began in 1924.[121] The Prospect Park West entrance opened in 1926,[121] and the 25th Street and Fort Hamilton entrances were rebuilt the next year.[126]

1930s to 1960s

In the mid-20th century, Green-Wood Cemetery remained a nonprofit organization.[17][127] Road reconstructions continued through the mid-1930s, and demolition of enclosures on the grounds continued.[128] Families were generally not allowed to remove the deceased from the grounds;[129] this prompted a widow to sue in 1933 for the right to disinter her husband,[130] which a state court permitted her to do.[131] Workers went on strike in 1937[132] and again in 1939.[133] requiring the deceased to be buried by mourners.[134] By the cemetery's 100th anniversary in 1938, there were 440,000 people interred there.[17] The clock tower at the 34th Street entrance was demolished in 1941,[135][128] as part of the demolition of the adjacent Fifth Avenue elevated line.[135] Iron fences were removed during World War II for the war effort.[128]

Green-Wood gravediggers again went on strike in May 1948;[136] the strike ended seven weeks later once they received pay increases.[137] One entrance was demolished in 1951, and four years later, the first new crematorium in New York City in a half-century was built at Green-Wood, with a columbarium. By the end of the 1950s, another reservoir had been filled for new lots.[128] More than 1,000 enclosures were removed from 1950 to 1961, the same year that work on a new crematorium began.[102] The cemetery was also affected by additional strikes among the gravediggers in 1966, 1973, and 1982.[102]

1970s to 1990s

In the 1970s, Green-Wood Cemetery's trustees closed the grounds to visitors,[138] and access to the cemetery was restricted except for family members of the deceased and for limited tours.[37] John Cashman, a retired police officer who had studied Green-Wood's history for decades, gave weekly tours of the cemetery.[139] Vandalism was common at Green-Wood Cemetery during the 1970s, and the columbarium was expanded from 1975 to 1977. The cemetery also continued to add new structures: the Garden Mausoleum and Community Mausoleum were finished in the late 1980s, and the Hillside Mausoleum was expanded.[102] The cemetery's trustees began allowing visitors again in the 1980s, but visitors were slow to come.[138] In 1994–1995, the north gate was restored.[72][102] New offices were built around that time,[97][102] allowing the crematory building to be restored.[97] This was followed by the restoration of the chapel in the late 1990s.[140]

By the 1990s, Green-Wood was running out of available space; it had removed numerous pathways and roads to make room for additional burials. Though the cemetery had about $200 million in assets by the end of the decade, the grounds cost $4 million to maintain, and many monuments (particularly those made of marble) were deteriorating.[37] The cemetery employed over 100 staff during that decade.[31][37] Concurrently, cemetery officials once again began to market Green-Wood as a tourist attraction.[30][37] Although modern crowds were not as infatuated with the concept of death as 19th-century crowds had been, visitors still came for the landscape and for the notable people buried there.[37] In 1999, the cemetery hosted its first-ever concert,[37][141] and the Green-Wood Historic Fund was also created to help with preservation and programming.[30] Rich Moylan, Green-Wood's president, said the events were intended to prevent Green-Wood from becoming an abandoned cemetery, which under New York state law could be taken over by a local government.[18]

21st century

A small pond with koi fish. On the perimeters of the pond are various plantings.
Koi pond in the cemetery

The chapel reopened in 2000, having been closed for several decades.[83][140] Construction of the last phase of the Hillside Mausoleum began in 2001,[140] and Platt Byard Dovell Architects was hired to design the mausoleum addition.[98][99][142] The mausoleum annex, which cost $16 million,[101] was completed in 2004.[40][98] Also during the early 2000s, the cemetery began allowing people to sponsor older mausoleums[142] and statues that had been neglected by their original owners.[143] The cemetery had 270,000 visitors by 2007, nearly double its annual visitation five years prior;[138] annual visitation had further increased to 400,000 by 2012, in part due to the cemetery's increased emphasis on events and programs.[144] By the late 2000s, there was little space for new interments at Green-Wood Cemetery;[138][145] architectural critic Justin Davidson had estimated earlier in the decade that the cemetery would run out of space in one or two decades.[98]

In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy toppled or damaged hundreds of trees and gravestones, causing an estimated $500,000 in damage.[146] The next year, in partnership with the Connecticut Society of the Cincinnati, signage in the Battle Hill area of the cemetery was updated to reflect new research on Battle Hill's importance in the Battle of Brooklyn.[147] In addition, the cemetery began performing "green burials" in the late 2010s, in which people could be interred in a basket instead of a more expensive coffin.[148]

During the 2020s, the cemetery began hosting death-education workshops,[149] and it had 400,000 annual visitors by 2023.[32] Following Hurricane Henri and Hurricane Ida in 2021,[150] cemetery officials completed several flood-resiliency projects, including the addition of stormwater storage tanks and pavement tiles that could absorb water.[151][152] A drain was also installed from the Sylvan Water pond to the municipal sewage system for storm drainage.[152] Green-Wood Cemetery's longtime president Richard Moylan announced his intent to retire in 2024[153] and was succeeded the next year by former New York City deputy mayor Meera Joshi.[154] A visitor center opened at the Weir Greenhouse in April 2026,[155] and the same year, the New York City Council allocated $4 million for a new bike path and gate just outside the cemetery's perimeter.[156] Cemetery officials also announced plans to allow human composting on the grounds by 2027, making Green-Wood the first cemetery on the U.S. East Coast to allow the practice.[39][157] At the time, the cemetery was running out of space, and both its traditional burials and its cremations were becoming environmentally unsustainable.[158]

Notable burials

View of a grassy hill with graves
Vista from the Hillside Mausoleum

Green-Wood Cemetery's interments include many notable people.[159][160] Politicians buried there include nine unsuccessful United States presidential candidates including Horace Greeley and George Francis Train,[161] as well as US senators Dixon H. Lewis and John Henderson.[62] The cemetery contains the graves of other public leaders as well, such as William M. Tweed, Henry Ward Beecher, William Oland Bourne, and DeWitt Clinton.[159] Assassinated New York City councilman James E. Davis is interred there, as is his assassin Othniel Askew.[162]

Ten veterans from the American Revolutionary War are interred at Green-Wood.[163] The cemetery also has the corpses of over 5,000 American Civil War soldiers.[18][163] These include 40 Civil War generals, two of whom have served in the Confederate States Army.[160] During the Civil War, Green-Wood Cemetery created the "Soldiers' Lot" for free veterans' burials; this lot included less than 1 acre (0.40 ha) of land.[164] Nearly 160,[165] 200,[163][166] or 300 additional burials are of World War I veterans.[167] Eight British Commonwealth service personnel are buried at Green-Wood—four from World War I and four from World War II—and their graves are registered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.[168] The cemetery maintains databases of deceased American Civil War and World War II veterans who are buried there.[169] Samuel Chester Reid, a United States Navy officer who designed the 20-star American flag of 1818, is also buried there.[170]

Green-Wood is the interment place for notable theatrical figures such as Leonard Bernstein, Fred Ebb, DeWolf Hopper, Henry Miller, Lola Montez, Frank Morgan, and William Wheatley.[68] Designer Louis Comfort Tiffany, painters Asher B. Durand and George Catlin, printmakers Nathaniel Currier and James Ives, artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, and architects James Renwick Jr. and Richard Upjohn are among the artists interred there.[13][159] Businessmen Edward R. Squibb, William Colgate, Frederick August Otto Schwarz, Charles Pfizer,[159] and Thomas C. Durant are also buried in the cemetery,[171] and John William Mackay has a mausoleum there.[172]

Green-Wood contains the remains of some 200 baseball-related figures, including baseball pioneers Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William H. Tucker, and William Wheaton[173] and player Jim Creighton.[174] Also buried in Green-Wood are gangsters such as Albert Anastasia, Joe Gallo, and Johnny Torrio.[175] There are other notable burials such as economist Henry George; diplomat Townsend Harris; Charles Ebbets; conductor Leonard Bernstein;[13] rapper Bashar Barakah "Pop Smoke" Jackson;[176] and physicians J. Marion Sims[29] and Susan McKinney Steward.[177]

Operations

Green-Wood Cemetery is a nonprofit organization, having been designated as a 501(c)(13) cemetery under US tax law since 1941.[178][179] Decedents at the cemetery are typically either buried or cremated, though on-site human composting is planned to begin in 2027.[39][157] The cemetery allows both traditional burials, where the deceased are embalmed, and green burials, where the deceased are not embalmed (allowing them to biodegrade) and are placed in biodegradable caskets.[35][158] Decedents who undergo green burials are typically placed in shallower graves.[35] In addition to the main receiving vault, several mausoleums throughout the cemetery have additional space for urns.[34]

Public visitation

Annual Battle of Long Island commemoration inside the main 25th Street entrance to Green-Wood Cemetery
Annual Battle of Long Island commemoration inside the main 25th Street entrance to Green-Wood Cemetery

The cemetery is open for public visitation.[32] Green-Wood is open daily for free self-guided tours.[180] The grounds also host guided tours for a fee, including trolley tours[181][180] as well as tours of the catacombs.[182] The cemetery is also part of the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary program and promotes birdwatching on its grounds.[13][165][182]

As of 2025, Green-Wood hosts about 300 annual events for the public, such as movie screenings, dances, music recitals, and educational programs. There are also culture-specific celebrations honoring ancestors, such as Qingming Festivals, Days of the Dead, and hanami.[18] The cemetery began hosting "Sunday in the Cemetery" events in 2025, with events about death, grief, and healing.[183] There are grief-education workshops at Green-Wood,[18][149] as well as programs such as a "grieving and weaving" course.[184] As part of Battle Week, the cemetery also hosts reenactments of the Battle of Long Island.[185]

Site-specific art is also hosted at the cemetery. Over the years, these have included Sophie Calle's Here Lie the Secrets of the Visitors of Green-Wood Cemetery (commenced 2017),[186] Jean Shin's Celadon Landscape (2015–2019) and Offering (2026),[187] and Janine Antoni's I am fertile ground (2019).[188]

Green-Wood Historic Fund

In 1999, the Green-Wood Historic Fund was created to continue preservation, beautification, educational programs and community outreach.[30][189] The Green-Wood Historic Fund is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit institution,[189] In 2008, Green-Wood started to acquire a collection of art pertaining to those buried in the cemetery;[190] this collection included 400 artworks by 2024. The cemetery also has a library with over 1,000 items.[30]

Initiatives

In 2002, the Green-Wood Historic Fund launched the Civil War Project, an effort to identify and remember Civil War veterans buried at Green-Wood, following the rededication ceremony of the Civil War Soldiers' Monument.[58][191] These early graves had either sunk into the soil, been damaged, or had their markers erased;[58] though some veterans had been identified and were regularly memorialized by local groups, there had previously been no overarching effort to identify all the veterans.[192] About 1,200 gravestones were added for Civil War soldiers in the following decade.[191]

In 2017, the Green-Wood Historic Fund identified another 200 World War I veterans who were interred in Green-Wood.[166] The fund began another veteran-identification effort in 2021; this involved identifying World War II veterans and creating an online database of them.[166][193] At the time, the fund estimated that thousands of Brooklyn's 326,000 World War II veterans were interred at Green-Wood.[166] During the World War II project's first year, the fund identified 370 veterans who had been interred there.[194]

Impact and legacy

Reception

An early observer regarded Green-Wood Cemetery as "magnificent" because it was so close to New York Harbor and that "the ocean rolling and moaning, with its fine melancholy, organ-like sounds, so near, like a mighty mourner".[72] The New York Times wrote in 1866, "it is the ambition of the New Yorker to live upon the Fifth Avenue, to take his airings in the [Central] Park, and to sleep with his fathers in Green-wood".[13][195][196]

The Washington Post wrote in the 1990s that the 25th Street gatehouse alone was "an impressive piece of architecture in an otherwise uninspiring part of the borough" and that the rest of the cemetery was a bucolic, somewhat forgotten place.[22] During that decade, Times writer Peter Hellman wrote that "New York, in all its grandeur and ambition, rascality and tragedy, is encapsulated like nowhere else" at Green-Wood.[41] In the 21st century, a critic for The Guardian wrote: "If the meandering paths and genteel lawns of Central Park represent New York's romantic side, then the hulking mausoleums and Gothic stonework of Green-Wood capture Gotham in all its brooding glory."[138] A CNN travel guide in 2013 rated Green-Wood among the world's most scenic cemeteries.[182] The AIA Guide to New York City described Green-Wood as "Brooklyn's first public park by default long before Prospect Park was created."[9]

Media and landmark designations

The cemetery's notable dead are the focus of Jeffrey Richman's book Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery: New York's Buried Treasure,[197] published in 1998.[54] The Brooklyn Historical Society hosted an exhibit on the cemetery, "Rediscovering Green-Wood Cemetery", in 1992.[198][38] Another exhibit, hosted at the Museum of the City of New York in 2013, included over 200 artifacts related to people interred at Green-Wood.[199]

The 25th Street gate of the cemetery was designated a New York City landmark in 1966.[6][76] The Weir Greenhouse, was designated a city landmark in 1982[7] and is separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).[2][5] The cemetery itself was listed on the NRHP in 1997[5] as a historic district.[4] In 2006, Green-Wood was re-added to the NRHP when the U.S. Department of the Interior designated it a National Historic Landmark (NHL).[1][200] The NHL designation, the first granted to a still-operational cemetery in New York state, was ratified because of the cemetery's Gothic Revival architecture and its rural character.[200][201] The Fort Hamilton Parkway Gate and the cemetery's chapel were designated as official New York City landmarks in 2016.[8][202][90]

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Green-Wood Cemetery". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007.
  2. 1 2 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  3. ↑ Larry E. Gobrecht (August 1982). National Register of Historic Places Registration: New York SP Green--Wood Cemetery. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved November 3, 2025. (Downloading may be slow.)
  4. 1 2 "Green-Wood Cemetery". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 14, 2007. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007.
  5. 1 2 3 "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Green-Wood Cemetery Gates" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 19, 1966. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  7. 1 2 "Weir Greenhouse" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 13, 1982. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  8. 1 2 Hurley 2016, p. 1.
  9. 1 2 White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. p. 687. ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5.
  10. 1 2 3 Kamil & Wakin 2012, pp. 205–206.
  11. 1 2 Collins, Glenn (April 1, 2004). "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown; Green-Wood Cemetery, Home to 200 Baseball Pioneers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Adams, A.G. (1996). The Hudson River Guidebook. Fordham University Press. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-8232-1679-6. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zappaterra, Yolanda (2022). Cities of the Dead: The World's Most Beautiful Cemeteries. Frances Lincoln. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7112-6578-3. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  14. 1 2 Plimpton, Laura Dudley; VanAcker, Meredith; Kross, Sara; Olarte‐Castillo, Ximena A.; Evans, Sara; Konowal, Christopher R.; Craft, Meggan; Goodman, Laura B.; Whittaker, Gary; Needle, David; Diuk‐Wasser, Maria (2025). "Trash Talking: Anthropogenic Resources Facilitate Raccoon Interactions in Urban Environments". Ecology and Evolution. 15 (12). doi:10.1002/ece3.72559. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 12685763. PMID 41377738. ProQuest 3280514522. Retrieved August 30, 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ↑ "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Map of Green-Wood Cemetery". Green-Wood Cemetery. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
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  19. 1 2 3 Moylan, Richard J. "Green-Wood Cemetery" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2., pp. 557–558
  20. 1 2 Mosca 2008, p. 12.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Berger, Meyer (December 3, 1954). "About New York; Minerva Stands in Eternal Salute to Liberty From Brooklyn Cemetery -- Man Goes Places". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
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  23. 1 2 3 National Park Service 1983, p. 2.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Quennell Rothschild & Partners & Paul Cowie & Associates 2007, p. 15.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Stiles, H.R.; Brockett, L.P.; Proctor, L.B. (1884). The Civil, Political, Professional and Ecclesiastical History, And Commercial and Industrial Record of the County of Kings and the City of Brooklyn, N.Y. From 1683 to 1884. New York: county and regional histories and atlases. Munsell. pp. 602–607.
  26. 1 2 Bornstein, David (March 17, 1991). "Neighbors Preserve Their Gracious Streets". Newsday. p. 3. ProQuest 278365587. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  27. ↑ Schneider, Daniel B. (May 24, 1998). "F.y.i." The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
  28. 1 2 Reynolds 1994, p. 317.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Bellafante, Ginia (April 18, 2018). "Statue of Doctor Who Did Slave Experiments Is Exiled. Its Ideas Are Not". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Guzmán, Rafer (October 2, 2024). "Exploring the past and rich history of Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn". Newsday. Retrieved August 29, 2026.
  31. 1 2 3 Santiago, Roberto (August 10, 1999). "Cemetery of the Famous". New York Daily News. p. 2. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 313704041. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  32. 1 2 3 Daly, Adam (December 22, 2023). "Brooklyn's hidden gem: Green-Wood Cemetery named New York's most underrated landmark". Brooklyn Paper. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  33. 1 2 Barron, James (July 13, 2023). "You Didn't Have to Be Famous to Be Buried at Green-Wood". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 29, 2026.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 "Green-Wood Cemetery is steeped in history". Staten Island Advance. October 24, 2010. p. 47. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  35. 1 2 3 Laterman, Kaya (November 10, 2025). "Green Burials Take Root in Brooklyn". BKReader. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  36. 1 2 Kilgannon, Corey (January 30, 2006). "The Ones Who Prepare the Ground for the Last Farewell". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eaton, Leslie (August 29, 1999). "Hoping to Lure a Livelier Crowd; Historic Graveyard in Brooklyn Wants Tourists to Stroll Its Lawns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
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  39. 1 2 3 Misdary, Rosemary (February 7, 2026). "Compost your corpse? Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery to make dying more green". Gothamist. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Collins, Glenn (August 6, 2004). "Great Price, Quiet Neighbors, but There's a Catch; Interior Waterfalls? 11-foot Ceilings? Tibetan Rugs? Yes, in a Deluxe Mausoleum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 31, 2026.
  41. 1 2 3 Hellman, Peter (September 6, 1996). "Where History Is at Rest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  42. 1 2 Reynolds 1994, pp. 317–318.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 National Park Service 1983, p. 3.
  44. ↑ Kamil & Wakin 2012, pp. 211–212.
  45. ↑ Keister 2011, pp. 25–26.
  46. ↑ Keister 2011, pp. 26–27.
  47. 1 2 Kamil & Wakin 2012, p. 208.
  48. ↑ Kamil & Wakin 2012, p. 212.
  49. ↑ Kamil & Wakin 2012, p. 204.
  50. 1 2 Mosca 2008, p. 32.
  51. 1 2 "New York's Illustrated News Featuring Dewitt Clinton Monument, June 4, 1853". Green-Wood Cemetery. September 22, 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  52. ↑ Mosca 2008, p. 72.
  53. ↑ Barron, James (May 3, 2010). "A Brooklyn Mystery Solved: Vandals Did It, In 1959". City Room; The New York Times; Wise, Brian (September 30, 2012). "Green-Wood Cemetery Restores Composer's Vandalized Tomb". WQXR. Retrieved August 31, 2026.
  54. 1 2 Schneider, Daniel B. (October 25, 1998). "F.Y.I." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  55. ↑ "Brown Family, Steamer Arctic Sinking (1854)". Green-Wood Cemetery. November 26, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rider, F.; Cooper, F.T.; Hopkins, M.A. (1916). Rider's New York City and Vicinity, Including Newark, Yonkers and Jersey City: A Guide-Book For Travelers, With 16 Maps and 18 Plans, Comp. And. H. Holt. p. 445. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  57. ↑ Brendlen, Kirstyn (September 13, 2024). "At Green-Wood Cemetery, victims of 9/11 remembered where they rest". Brooklyn Paper. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  58. 1 2 3 4 Collins, Glenn (August 22, 2002). "Standing Tall Once Again, This Time In Real Bronze; At Brooklyn Cemetery, A Civil War Monument Gets a Makeover". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  59. 1 2 "The Soldiers' Monument; The Dedication and Decoration of the Monument in Green-Wood Cemetery". The New York Times. May 29, 1876. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  60. ↑ Neuman, William (April 16, 2018). "City Orders Sims Statue Removed From Central Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  61. ↑ Colangelo, Lisa (December 16, 2012). "Triumph of Civic Virtue Is Moved to Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  62. 1 2 Kamil & Wakin 2012, p. 210.
  63. ↑ Meade, Natalie (March 6, 2019). "Unearthing Black History at Green-Wood Cemetery". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  64. ↑ "The Green-Wood Cemetery". TCLF. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  65. ↑ McNallen, Nicholas (November 14, 2014). "Green-Wood Cemetery and the Brooklyn Theatre Fire of 1876". Time Out. Retrieved August 30, 2026; Schroeder, Jessa (December 5, 2016). "Little known details surrounding the 1876 Brooklyn Theatre fire that killed hundreds of people". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 30, 2026
  66. ↑ "The Brooklyn Disaster.; One Hundred Victims Buried. An Imposing Funeral Procession One Hundred Bodies Interred in One Grave at Green-Wood Cemetery the Remainder of Murdoch's Body Recovered the Walls of the Burned Theatre in Danger of Being Blown Down the Memorial Services to-Day". The New York Times. December 10, 1876. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  67. ↑ Berger, Meyer (June 15, 1955). "About New York; Two Landmarks Lose Their Golden Domes -- Body Armor for the Local Constabulary". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  68. 1 2 Masseron, Meg (October 29, 2015). "Tour Green-Wood Cemetery: Home to Graves and Ghosts of Theatre Greats". Playbill. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
  69. ↑ "Victims' Families Remember NYC Plane Crash From '60". CBS New York. December 15, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2026; Abruzzo, Shavana (December 17, 2010). "Crash victims remembered 50 years later at Green-Wood Cemetery". Brooklyn Paper. Retrieved August 29, 2026; Carlson, Jen (December 16, 2010). "Memorial Is Unveiled For 1960s Park Slope Plane Crash". Gothamist. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
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  74. ↑ "BrooklynParrots.com: A Web Site About the Wild Parrots of Brooklyn". Archived from the original on September 9, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
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  129. ↑ "Can Remove Husband's Body, Get Greenwood Grave Profit". Brooklyn Times Union. August 3, 1933. p. 1. Retrieved August 31, 2026.
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  146. ↑ David W. Dunlap (November 25, 2012). "Many Cemeteries Damaged, But Green-Wood Bore the Brunt of the Storm". City Room; The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  147. ↑ Richman, Jeff (August 27, 2013). "Commemorating the Battle of Brooklyn". Green-Wood Cemetery. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  148. ↑ Lavine, Owen (May 2, 2025). "Historic Green-Wood Cemetery adapts to 21st Century by adding ancient, more intimate funeral experiences". Brooklyn Eagle. Retrieved May 24, 2025; Lach, Eric (March 4, 2023). "Greening the Burial of the Dead, in Brooklyn". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 24, 2025.
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  150. ↑ Greenberg, Rebecca (November 11, 2024). "Green-Wood Cemetery unveils irrigation system to prevent catastrophic flooding". Spectrum News NY1. Retrieved May 24, 2025.
  151. ↑ Maldonado, Samantha (October 1, 2024). "Landmark Green-Wood Cemetery Has a New Job: Protecting Brooklyn From Flooding". THE CITY - NYC News. Retrieved May 24, 2025.
  152. 1 2 Kliger, Hannah (August 5, 2024). "A historic cemetery in Brooklyn is trying to combat climate change. Here's how". CBS New York. Retrieved May 24, 2025.
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  157. 1 2 Kliger, Hannah (February 5, 2026). "Brooklyn cemetery plans human composting option, stirring interest and debate". CBS New York. Retrieved August 27, 2026; Fairless, Tom (February 3, 2026). "A Solution for Crowded Cemeteries: Turn Loved Ones Into Gardening Soil". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved August 27, 2026.
  158. 1 2 Brendlen, Kirstyn (February 11, 2026). "Ashes to ashes, corpse to compost: Green-Wood Cemetery to offer 'human composting' starting in 2027". Brooklyn Paper. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
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  160. 1 2 "Green-Wood Cemetery: Tours of the Necropolis". Newsday. May 21, 1995. p. 54. Retrieved August 29, 2026.
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  162. ↑ Duggan, Dennis (July 30, 2003). "Laid to Rest, Yards Apart". Newsday. p. 2. Retrieved August 31, 2026.
  163. 1 2 3 Marcius, Chelsia Rose (May 30, 2021). "Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery honors veterans on Memorial Day with walking tour of military graves dating from Revolutionary War". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 30, 2026.
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Sources

Further reading

  • Cleveland, Jehemiah (1866). Green-Wood Cemetery: A History from 1838 to 1864. Anderson and Archer.
  • Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 509–510. ISBN 0300055366.
  • Richman, Jeffrey I. (1998). Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery: New York's Buried Treasure.
  • Richman, Jeffrey I. (2007). Final Camping Ground: Civil War Veterans at Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery, In Their Own Words. Green-Wood Cemetery. ISBN 978-0-9663435-3-3.
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