Granulibacter bethesdensis

Granulibacter bethesdensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Pseudomonadati
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Alphaproteobacteria
Order: Rhodospirillales
Family: Acetobacteraceae
Genus: Granulibacter
Species:
G. bethesdensis
Binomial name
Granulibacter bethesdensis
Greenberg et al. 2006

Granulibacter bethesdensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus to rod-shaped, non-motile, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative bacteria first described in 2006 by Dr. Steve Holland's team, which included Dr. David E. Greenberg and Dr. Patrick R. Murray at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.[1]

It is the only species in a sublineage within the acetic acid bacteria in the family Acetobacteraceae. [2]

Microbiology

G. bethesdensis is a fastidious organism and grows poorly and slowly on sheep blood agar with an optimum temperature of 35-37°C and favors a pH of 5.0-6.5. [2]

Unique characteristics that distinguish it from other acetic acid bacteria include the production of a yellow pigment, the oxidization of lactate and acetate to carbon dioxide and water, acidification of ethanol, and the ability to use methanol as a sole carbon source. [1]

The genome of G. bethesdensis consists of a circular chromosome and was found to be 2,708,355 bp with a 59.07% G+C count. [3]

Clinical Significance

Granulibacter bethesdensis was identified in a series of patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD).[4] In a later study, nearly half of patients with CGD tested and a quarter of healthy volunteers showed some immunoreactivity to Granulibacter bethesdensis, suggesting infections with this organism occur more often than it is isolated.[5]

Symptoms of G. bethesdensis infection include prolonged fever and necrotizing lymphadenitis. Why this organism exclusively causes clinical disease in CGD patients is not well understood.[6] [7]

Unlike typical CGD organisms, G. bethesdensis can achieve clinical latency within a patient, relapsing after apparently effective therapy. However, disseminated G. bethesdensis infections were chronic but not fatal, which is also an unusal trait among CGD organisms. [6]

Treatment

G. bethesdensis is extensively resistant to many antimicrobial drugs, and susceptibility testing is difficult due to the slow growing nature of this organism. Resistance has been demonstrated against most cephalosporins, penicillins (including carbapenems), and quinolones. However, ceftriaxone, aminoglycosides, doxycycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole have shown activity against this bacterium.[6]

References

  1. 1 2 Greenberg, David E.; Porcella, Stephen F.; Stock, Frida; Wong, Alexandra; Conville, Patricia S.; Murray, Patrick R.; Holland, Steven M.; Zelazny, Adrian M. (2006-11-01). "Granulibacter bethesdensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a distinctive pathogenic acetic acid bacterium in the family Acetobacteraceae". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 56 (11): 2609–2616. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64412-0. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 17082400.
  2. 1 2 Versalovic, James (2011). Manual of clinical microbiology (10th ed.). Washington (D.C.): ASM press. ISBN 978-1-55581-463-2.
  3. ↑ Greenberg, David E.; Porcella, Stephen F.; Zelazny, Adrian M.; Virtaneva, Kimmo; Sturdevant, Dan E.; Kupko, John J.; Barbian, Kent D.; Babar, Amenah; Dorward, David W.; Holland, Steven M. (2007). "Genome Sequence Analysis of the Emerging Human Pathogenic Acetic Acid Bacterium Granulibacter bethesdensis". Journal of Bacteriology. 189 (23): 8727–8736. doi:10.1128/jb.00793-07. PMC 2168926. PMID 17827295.
  4. ↑ Greenberg, DE; Porcella SF; Stock F; Wong A; Conville PS; Murray PR; Holland SM; Zelazny AM (Nov 2006). "Granulibacter bethesdensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a distinctive pathogenic acetic acid bacterium in the family Acetobacteraceae". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. Pt 11. 56 (11): 2609–16. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64412-0. PMID 17082400.
  5. ↑ Greenberg, DE; Shoffner AR; Marshall-Batty KR; Arora K; Zhao M; Martin R; Ding L; Hammer CH; Shaw PA; Kuhns DB; Malech HL; Gallin JI; Zarember KA; Holland SM (Sep 2012). "Serologic reactivity to the emerging pathogen Granulibacter bethesdensis". J Infect Dis. 206 (6): 943–51. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis431. PMC 3501152. PMID 22782953.
  6. 1 2 3 Greenberg, David E.; Shoffner, Adam R.; Zelazny, Adrian M.; Fenster, Michael E.; Zarember, Kol A.; Stock, Frida; Ding, Li; Marshall-Batty, Kimberly R.; Wasserman, Richard L.; Welch, David F.; Kanakabandi, Kishore; Sturdevant, Dan E.; Virtaneva, Kimmo; Porcella, Stephen F.; Murray, Patrick R. (2010). "Recurrent Granulibacter bethesdensis infections and chronic granulomatous disease". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (9): 1341–1348. doi:10.3201/eid1609.091800. ISSN 1080-6059. PMC 3294967. PMID 20735916.
  7. ↑ Greenberg, David E.; Ding, Li; Zelazny, Adrian M.; Stock, Frida; Wong, Alexandra; Anderson, Victoria L.; Miller, Georgina; Kleiner, David E.; Tenorio, Allan R.; Brinster, Lauren; Dorward, David W.; Murray, Patrick R.; Holland, Steven M. (2006). "A novel bacterium associated with lymphadenitis in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease". PLOS Pathogens. 2 (4) e28. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020028. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 1435791. PMID 16617373.


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