Ghulam al-Khallal
Ghulām al-Khallāl | |
|---|---|
 The Al-Khilani Mosque, which contains the tomb of Ghulam al-Khallal. | |
| Personal life | |
| Born | Abū Bakr ‘Abd al-‘Azīz ibn Ja‘far ibn Aḥmad ibn Yazdād al-Baghawī 898 |
| Died | 973 |
| Buried | Al-Khilani Mosque |
| Main interest | Islamic jurisprudence |
| Notable works |
|
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Jurisprudence | Ḥanbalī |
| Creed | Textualist (Proto-Atharī) |
| Muslim leader | |
Influenced by | |
Influenced
| |
Ghulām al-Khallāl (898–973) was an Islamic scholar and jurist of the Hanbali school.[1] His real name was ‘Abd al-‘Azīz. Al-Khallal was a close companion and assistant of the Hanbali jurist Abu Bakr al-Khallal, hence his nickname Ghulam (Arabic for "assistant"). He was one of the earliest scholars of the Hanbali school.[2]
Biography
‘Abd al-‘Azīz ibn Ja‘far al-Baghawī was born in 898 in Baghdad, with his epithet al-Baghawī indicating that he was of Khorasanite descent.[3][4][5] In his youth, his teachers were Abu Ja'far al-Kufi, Musa ibn Harun al-Bazzah, and Abu al-Qasim al-Baghawi.[3][5][6] After receiving his ijazah allowing him to be authorized as a proper scholar, he began to associate with the Hanbali jurist Abu Bakr al-Khallal and became one of his closest companions as well as a secretary and assistant for him, hence receiving the name Ghulām al-Khallāl ("Assistant of al-Khallal") which was also used as his pen name.[3][5] Al-Khallal was also a jurist and transmitter of Hadith within the Hanbali school, narrating and explaining rulings from the school's founder Ahmad ibn Hanbal, while he also commented on the works of the Shafi'i school, which was widespread at the time.[5][7] He was also a proponent of an early form of Atharism, much like earlier Hanbalis, whom were not familiar with the doctrine of tafwid and metaphorical interpretation.[6][7]
Ghulam al-Khallal died in 973 and was buried in a cemetery in Baghdad, where the Al-Khilani Square is now located in the present day.[3][4][5]
Works
- Zād al-Musāfir fī Fiqh al-Imām Aḥmad (Provisions of the Traveler in the Jurisprudence of Imam Ahmad), a book compiling the rulings and advices of Ahmad ibn Hanbal which Al-Khallal considers to be beneficial for readers.[5]
- Masā’il ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Ghulām al-Khallāl (The Legal Rulings of 'Abd al-'Aziz Ghulām al-Khallal), a treatise on the rulings of the Hanbali school according to Al-Khallal.[5] Ibn Abi Ya'la, a later Hanbali scholar, commented on the treatise and wrote an appendix to it explaining the differences of the rulings of Al-Khallal and Ahmad ibn Hanbal, which was modernized and published in 1960 in Damascus.[8]
Legacy
During the Ottoman period, a mosque was built atop the grave of Ghulam al-Khallal, known as the Imam al-Khallal Mosque.[9][10] The name "al-Khallal" was distorted to "al-Khallani" over time, with the tomb in the mosque being attributed to Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn ʿUthmān al-Khallānī, the second of the Four Deputies in the Twelver tradition of the Shi'a sect.[9][10] Now known in the present day as the Al-Khilani Mosque, it is visited by both Shi'a and Sunni residents of Baghdad, who hold congregational prayers in the mosque as part of a move against sectarianism.[11]
See also
References
- ↑ "Index of Authors from A Monument to Medieval Syrian Book Culture: The Library of Ibn ʿAbd al-Hādī on JSTOR". www.jstor.org. doi:10.3366/j.ctvx5w8h1.17. Retrieved 14 June 2026.
- ↑ Jarrar, Maher; Günther, Sebastian (28 April 2020), "Ghulām Khalīl: Life, Career, and Image as a Scholar", in Jarrar, Maher; Günther, Sebastian (eds.), Doctrinal Instruction in Early Islam, BRILL, pp. 10–27, doi:10.1163/9789004429055_003, ISBN 978-90-04-42905-5, retrieved 14 June 2026
- 1 2 3 4 Dhahabī, Shamsuddīn (1996). Arnaut, Shu'ayb (ed.). Siyar A'lām al-Nubalā' [Biographies of Eminent Noble Figures] (in Arabic). Vol. 16. Beirut, Lebanon: Mu'assasat al-Risālah.
- 1 2 Al-Zirikli (2002). Al-A'lām [Eminent Personalities] (in Arabic). Vol. 4 (15 ed.). Lebanon: Dar al-'Ilm lil-Malayin. p. 15.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ash-Shaṭṭī, Jamīl (1921). Mukhtaṣar ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah [Abridged Classes of the Hanbalis] (in Arabic). Damascus, Syria: Maṭba‘at al-Taraqqī. p. 25.
- 1 2 al-Turkī, ‘Abdallāh (2002). al-Madhhab al-Ḥanbalī: Dirāsah fī tārīkih wa-simātih wa-ashhar a'lāmih wa-mu'allafātih [The Hanbali School: A Study of its History, Characteristics, Most Famous Figures, and Works] (in Arabic). Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Riyadh: Mu’assasat al-Risālah Nāshirūn. p. 211.
- 1 2 ‘Abdullāh, Bakr (1996). al-Khūjah, Muḥammad (ed.). al-Madkhal al-mufaṣṣal ilá fiqh al-Imām Aḥmad wa-tashjīrāt al-aṣḥāb [The Detailed Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Imam Ahmad and the Derivations of his Companions] (in Arabic). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Dār al-‘Āṣimah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzī‘. p. 808.
- ↑ Ibn Abī Ya‘lā, Abū al-Ḥasan (1960). al-Shāwīsh, Muhammad (ed.). Masā'il 'Abd al-'Azīz Ghulām al-Khallāl al-latī khālafa fīhā al-Khiraqī wa-masā'iluhu al-latī khālafa fīhā shaykhahu al-Khallāl 'alā madhhab al-Imām al-mubajjal Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal [The Legal Issues of ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Ghulām al-Khallāl in which he differed from al-Khiraqī, and his issues in which he differed from his teacher al-Khallāl, according to the school of the revered Imam Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal] (in Arabic). Damascus, Syria: Al-Maktab al-Islāmī.
- 1 2 Jawād, Muṣṭafā (1958). Sūsah, Aḥmad (ed.). Dalīl khāriṭat Baghdād al-mufaṣṣal fī khuṭaṭ Baghdād qadīman wa-ḥadīthan [Detailed Guide to the Map of Baghdad in the Topography of Baghdad, Past and Present] (in Arabic). Maṭba‘at al-Jamī‘ al-‘Alī al-‘Irāqī. p. 208.
- 1 2 Ra’ūf, ‘Imād (2000). Ma'ālim Baghdād fī al-Qurūn al-Muta'akhkhirah [Landmarks of Baghdad in Later Centuries] (in Arabic) (1st ed.). Iraq: Dīwān al-Waqf. p. 32.
- ↑ "بغداد تشهد اقامة صلاة جمعة موحدة في جامع الخلاني" [Baghdad witnesses the holding of a united Friday prayer at the Al-Khilani Mosque]. Al-Mirbad (in Arabic). 19 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017.