Ghulam Shah Kalhoro
| Ghulam Shah Kalhoro | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) Miniature portrait, 19th century | |||||||||
| 3rd Nawab of Sindh 10th Mian of the Mianwal order | |||||||||
| Reign | 6 June 1758 – 1 August 1772 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Athar Khan Kalhoro | ||||||||
| Successor | Sarfraz Khan Kalhoro | ||||||||
| Wazir | Bahram Khan Talpur | ||||||||
| Reign | 29 August – 7 November 1757 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Muradyab Khan Kalhoro | ||||||||
| Successor | Athar Khan Kalhoro | ||||||||
| Born | Ghulam Khan Kalhoro c. 1724 Khudabad, Sehwan Sarkar, Thatta Subah, Mughal Empire (modern-day Sindh, Pakistan) | ||||||||
| Died | 1 August 1772 (aged 47–48) Hyderabad, Sind State (modern-day Sindh, Pakistan) | ||||||||
| Burial | |||||||||
| Issue | Sarfraz Khan Kalhoro (1755–1775) Muhammad Khan Kalhoro (1762–1800) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | Kalhora | ||||||||
| Father | Noor Mohammad Kalhoro | ||||||||
| Mother | Mai Jaman[2] | ||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam[a] | ||||||||
Mian Muhammad Ghulam Shah Kalhoro (Sindhi: مياں محمد غلام شاه ڪلهوڙو, romanized: Mīān Muhammad Ghulām Shāh Kalhōrō; Persian: میان محمد غلام شاه کلهورو; Hindustani: میاں محمد غلام شاہ کلہوڑو), also known by his honorific Samsam al-Dawla (Arabic: صمصام الدولة, romanized: Samsām-ud-Daulāh, lit. 'Sword of the State') and as Shah Wardi Khan (Persian: شاه وردی خان, romanized: Shāh Wardī Khān), was the third Nawab of Sindh. A member of the Kalhora family, He was the son of Noor Mohammad, the founder of Sind State. He thus belonged to, and later led, the spiritual Mianwal movement of the Suhrawardi order.
Ghulam was enthroned by the tribal chiefs and elders of the Kalhora dynasty replacing his brother Muradyab Khan in August 1757. Ghulam is credited with founding the city of Hyderabad and under his patronage, major reforms were introduced in the country; his own tomb being situated there.[3] Ghulam's reign also saw close political relations with the Afghan Empire and he also took part in the famous Third Battle of Panipat. With a brief interregnum in 1757–1758, his rule ended with his death in August 1772 and was succeeded by his son Sarfraz Khan.
He was thus able to bring stability to Sindh after the rule of Muradyab Khan by reorganizing the country administratively. During his reign, the Kalhora territory stretched from Derajat to Kutch. Ghulam fought the Battle of Ubauro and Battle of Jara in Sindh and the Third Battle of Panipat while accompanying Ahmad Shah Durrani in his campaigns in India. He also ordered the construction of the Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai in 1772.[4] Ghulam is redarded as one of the greatest monarchs of Sindh along side Asimuddin Bhoongar and Nizamuddin Nindo.
Military campaigns
Campaigns against Khosa Balochs, 1759
Becuase of the chaos after the death of Mian Nur Muhammad, Khudabad the former capital of the Kalhora dynasty was devasted and destroyed by Khosas under their leader Jafar Khan Khoso in 1759. To avenge Khudabad's destruction Mian Ghulam Shah marched Against them and destroyed their villages and killed their leader Jafar Khan Khoso.[5][6]
War with Jam of Kakrala, 1759–1760
Ghulam Shah had not yet established his government and was facing confrontations with his brothers. he was moving through the lower regions and reached Mirpur Sakro, where he sought help from the Rana of Dharaja, and the Kakrala Jams but they did not join the battle between Mian Ghulam Shah and his brothers. Later, when he became the ruler, he took action against both of them.[7]
At the end of the year 1173 AH, Mian Ghulam Shah turned his attention toward subduing the Jam of Kakrala. First, Muhammad Abbas and other leaders were sent against the Jam. They They inflicted several defeats to Jam Desar.[7] As Ghulam Shah sought to establish his authority, Jam Desar made every effort to secure his rule.[8]
Finally, in 1174 AH (September 1760 CE), Mian's army reached the city of Garhi Abad, the capital of Jam Desar. Jam Desar fled and went to Kutch, while his son was kept as a hostage. Thereafter, Jam remained in the service of the rulers. Thus, during the period of the Kalhoras under Ghulam Shah Kalhoro , the rule of the Kehars over Kakrala came to an end.[8][9][10]
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ "غلام شاہ کلہوڑو: 'سندھ کے شاہجہاں' کہے جانے والے حکمران جو 'مچھلی والے بابا' بن گئے". BBC News اردو (in Urdu). 11 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2026.
- ↑ Z.A Kalhoro 2017, p. 279-280.
- ↑ "Ghulam Shah Kalhoro Tomb". Discover Pakistan. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ↑ Khan, Mohammad Hussain. "Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai's 272nd urs kicks off in Bhit Shah". Dawn. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
The shrine witnesses a turnout of close to 500,000 devotees including foreigners during the three days.
- ↑ Kalhoro, Zulfiqar Ali (2017). Studies in Kalhora History, Economy and Architecture (PDF). Karachi: Sindh Books. p. 67. ISBN 9789697762002.
- ↑ Bhand, Nazir (2004). تخت گاهہ خداآباد (ڪلهوڙا دؤر حڪومت جو معاشي ۽ سياسي تجزيو) [Takht Gah Khudabad (An Economic and Political Analysis of the Kalhora Period)] (in Sindhi). Karachi: Sindh Graduates Association. p. 11.
- 1 2 N.A Baloch 1984, p. 198.
- 1 2 N.A Baloch 1984, p. 44.
- ↑ Bhaṭṭī, Rashīdu (2002). Birth of a Great Poet: Kalhora Period 1700-1784. University Campus, , Jamshoro (Smdh): Institute of Sindhology,Jamshoro,University of Sindh. p. 23. ISBN 978-969-405-052-2.
In the year 1759-60 A.D Ghulam Shah marched with his army to admonish Dahesar,the Jam of Kakralo, who had risen in rebel against him during his exile from Sindh. Jam was defeated and retreated to Kutch.
- ↑ Journal of Asian Civilisations. Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations. 2003. p. 68.
Bibliography
N.A Baloch (1984). Jangnama (جنگناما) (in Sindhi). Jamshoro/Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan: Sindhi Adabi Board,Government of Sindh.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Kalhoro, Zulfiqar Ali (2017). Studies in Kalhora History: Economy and Architecture. Academia.edu. pp. 279–280. Retrieved 15 July 2026.