Gadolinium(III) sulfate

Gadolinium(III) sulfate
Octahydrate
Names
Other names
  • Digadolinium trisulfate
  • Gadolinium sulfate
  • Gadolinium trisulfate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.727
EC Number
  • anhydrous: 237-115-2
  • anhydrous: InChI=1S/2Gd.3H2O4S/c;;3*1-5(2,3)4/h;;3*(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+3;;;/p-6
    Key: QLAFITOLRQQGTE-UHFFFAOYSA-H
  • octahydrate: InChI=1S/2Gd.3H2O4S.8H2O/c;;3*1-5(2,3)4;;;;;;;;/h;;3*(H2,1,2,3,4);8*1H2/q2*+3;;;;;;;;;;;/p-6
    Key: JBFCVGZGWFIPNK-UHFFFAOYSA-H
  • anhydrous: [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Gd+3].[Gd+3]
  • octahydrate: O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Gd+3].[Gd+3]
Properties[1]
Gd2(SO4)3
Molar mass 602.67 g·mol−1
Appearance colorless solid
Density 4.139 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
3.010 g/cm3 (octahydrate)
Melting point 400 °C decomposes
(octahydrate)
500 °C decomposes
(anhydrous)
anhydrous
3.98 g/mL (0 °C)
2.60 g/mL (20 °C)
2.32 g/mL (40 °C)
octahydrate
3.28 g/mL (20 °C)
2.54 g/mL (40 °C)
Structure[2]
monoclinic (octahydrate)
C2/c
a = 13.531 Å, b = 6.739 Å, c = 18.294 Å
α = 90°, β = 102.20°, γ = 90°
Hazards
GHS labelling:[3]
GHS07: Exclamation mark
Warning
H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Gadolinium(III) sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Gd2(SO4)3. The octahydrate forms colorless monoclinic crystals.

Structure and properties

The octahydrate forms monoclinic crystals where Gd is coordinated by 4 oxygen atoms of crystal water and 4 oxygens of sulfate giving rise to a distorted square antiprism.[2]

It dehydrates in a two-step mechanism occurring between 130 and 306 °C, forming an amorphous solid. Recrystallization occurs between 380 and 411 °C, forming β-Gd2(SO4)3. A monotropic phase transition occurs at about 750 °C, forming α-Gd2(SO4)3 (space group: C2/c, a = 9.097 Å, b = 14.345 Å, c = 6.234 Å, β = 97.75°). Upon further heating, the oxysulfate (Gd2O2SO4) forms at 900 °C, which decomposes into cubic gadolinium oxide at 1200 °C.[2]

Preparation

The octahydrate can be prepared by treating gadolinium oxide with sulfuric acid.[4]

Applications

Gadolinium sulfate was introduced into the Super-Kamiokande neutrino observatory in order to improve its neutron detection efficiency.[5]

It is used in adiabatic demagnetization to achieve cryogenic temperatures.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Perry, Dale L. (2016-04-19). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds. CRC Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-4398-1462-8.
  2. 1 2 3 Hummel, H.-U.; Fischer, E.; Fischer, T.; Joerg, P.; Pezzei, G. (April 1993). "Struktur und thermisches Verhalten von Gadolinium(III)-sulfat-Octahydrat Gd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 · 8 H 2 O". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 619 (4): 805–810. doi:10.1002/zaac.19936190429. ISSN 0044-2313.
  3. ↑ PubChem. "Sulfuric acid, gadolinium(3+) salt (3:2)". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-04-14.
  4. ↑ Coulter, Lowell V.; Latimer, Wendell M. (September 1940). "The Heat of Solution of Gadolinium Sulfate Octahydrate and the Entropy of Gadolinium Ion". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 (9): 2557. Bibcode:1940JAChS..62.2557C. doi:10.1021/ja01866a502. ISSN 0002-7863.
  5. ↑ Abe, K.; Bronner, C.; Hayato, Y.; Hiraide, K.; Ikeda, M.; Imaizumi, S.; Kameda, J.; Kanemura, Y.; Kataoka, Y. (2021-12-15), "First Gadolinium Loading to Super-Kamiokande", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 1027 166248, arXiv:2109.00360, Bibcode:2022NIMPA102766248A, doi:10.1016/j.nima.2021.166248, retrieved 2026-04-14
  6. ↑ Giauque, W. F.; MacDougall, D. P. (1935-07-01). "The Production of Temperatures below One Degree Absolute by Adiabatic Demagnetization of Gadolinium Sulfate". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 57 (7): 1175–1185. Bibcode:1935JAChS..57.1175G. doi:10.1021/ja01310a007. Retrieved 2026-04-14.

Further reading

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