Empty light bulb sign

The empty light bulb sign, hollow skull sign, or empty skull sign, is a finding on radionuclide cerebral perfusion scintigraphy that supports a diagnosis of brain death.[1][2][3] When a brain-specific lipophilic tracer is used, the brain takes up no activity, so the cranial vault appears empty within the outline of the surrounding scalp and facial soft tissue.[1][3]

The appearance is produced with a lipophilic radiopharmaceutical such as technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (Tc-99m HMPAO) or technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer, which crosses an intact blood-brain barrier and is trapped in brain tissue in proportion to regional cerebral blood flow.[3][4] In brain death, raised intracranial pressure arrests flow in the internal carotid arteries so that no tracer reaches the brain, while flow continues in the external carotid arteries and supplies the scalp and face.[4][5] Prominent activity in the nasal region from this external carotid supply has been termed the hot nose sign, a label first applied to the comparable appearance on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging by Orrison and colleagues in 1994.[6]

The hollow skull sign on Tc-99m HMPAO scintigraphy was first reported by Abdel-Dayem and colleagues in 1989.[2]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Bolin, JD (September 2024). "Brain death scintigraphy: do not blow the flow". Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology. 52 (3): 192–198. doi:10.2967/jnmt.124.267894. PMID 39137984.
  2. 1 2 Abdel-Dayem, HM; Bahar, RH; Sigurdsson, GH; et al. (December 1989). "The hollow skull: a sign of brain death in Tc-99m HM-PAO brain scintigraphy". Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 14 (12): 912–916. doi:10.1097/00003072-198912000-00012. PMID 2605849.
  3. 1 2 3 Günther, A; Werner, A; Fritzenwanger, M; et al. (2024). "Determination of brain death using 99mTc-HMPAO scintigraphy and transcranial duplex sonography in a patient on veno-arterial ECMO". Neurological Research and Practice. 6 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s42466-023-00298-w. PMC 10809543. PMID 38268033.
  4. 1 2 Sinha, P; Conrad, GR (January 2012). "Scintigraphic confirmation of brain death". Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. 42 (1): 27–32. doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.07.007. PMID 22117810.
  5. ↑ Kang, KM; Yun, TJ; Yoon, BW; et al. (May 2015). "Clinical utility of arterial spin-labeling as a confirmatory test for suspected brain death". AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 36 (5): 909–914. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4209. PMC 7990594. PMID 25572951.
  6. ↑ Orrison, WW; Champlin, AM; Kesterson, OL; et al. (May 1994). "MR 'hot nose sign' and 'intravascular enhancement sign' in brain death". AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 15 (5): 913–916. PMC 8332192. PMID 8059660.


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