List of Ayyubid rulers

Sultans of the Ayyubid Sultanate
Ayyubid Sultan on his throne, early 13th century
Details
Last monarch	al-Ashraf Musa (Egypt) an-Nasir Yusuf (Syria) al-Adil Sulayman II (Hasankeyf)
Formation	1171
Abolition	1260 1524 (rump-state)
Residence	Cairo (1171-1250) Damascus (1174-1260) Hasankeyf (1232-1524)

The Ayyubid dynasty ruled Egypt and other parts of the Middle East from 12th to 14th centuries. The following is a list of Ayyubid rulers by region.

Sultans of Egypt (1171-1254)

See Rulers of Islamic Egypt.

No.	Portrait/Coin	Name	Reign	Life details
1		Saladin الملك الناصر صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب al-Malik an-Nāṣir Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb	May 1174 – 4 March 1193 (~19 years)	1137 – 4 March 1193 (aged 56) Vizier of Fatimid caliph al-Adid; abolished Fatimid caliphate; Zengid Governor of Egypt (1171). Recovered Jerusalem from Crusaders.
2		al-Aziz Uthman الملك العزيز عماد الدين عثمان بن يوسف al-Malik al-ʿAzīz ʿImād ad-Dīn ʿUthmān ibn Yūsuf	4 March 1193 – 29 November 1198 (~5 years)	c. 14 January 1172 – 29 November 1198 (aged 26) Saladin's son. Died in a hunting accident.
3		al-Mansur Muhammad الملك المنصور ناصر الدين محمد بن عثمان al-Malik al-Manṣūr Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUthmān	29 November 1198 – February 1200 (~1 year)	1189 – after 1216 (aged 27) al-Aziz's son; ascended as a child. Deposed by his great-uncle al-Adil; exiled to Aleppo.
4		al-Adil I الملك العادل سيف الدين أبو بكر بن أيوب al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Sayf ad-Dīn Abū Bakr ibn Ayyūb	February 1200 – 31 August 1218 (~18 years)	June 1145 – 31 August 1218 (aged 73) Brother of Saladin; overthrew his grand-nephew al-Mansur. Died preparing against the Fifth Crusade.
5		al-Kamil الملك الكامل ناصر الدين محمد بن أبي بكر al-Malik al-Kāmil Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr	2 September 1218 – 8 March 1238 (~19 years)	c. 1180 – 8 March 1238 (aged 57) Son of al-Adil I. Treaty of Jaffa (1229); Jerusalem recovered from Crusaders.
6		al-Adil II الملك العادل سيف الدين أبو بكر بن محمد al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Sayf ad-Dīn Abū Bakr ibn Muḥammad	8 March 1238 – 31 May 1240 (~2 years)	c. 1221 – 9 February 1248 (aged 27) Son of al-Kamil. Deposed and imprisoned by his half-brother as-Salih Ayyub; died in prison.
7		as-Salih Ayyub الملك الصالح نجم الدين أيوب بن محمد al-Malik aṣ-Ṣāliḥ Najm ad-Dīn Ayyūb ibn Muḥammad	1 June 1240 – 21 November 1249 (~9 years)	5 November 1205 – 22 November 1249 (aged 44) Half-brother of al-Adil II. Died of illness during the Seventh Crusade.
8		al-Muazzam Turanshah الملك المعظم غياث الدين تورانشاه بن أيوب al-Malik al-Muʿaẓẓam Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Tūrānshāh ibn Ayyūb	22 November 1249 – 2 May 1250 (~5 months)	d. 2 May 1250 Son of al-Salih; assassinated by Bahri Mamluks.
Interregnum by Shajar al-Durr and al-Mu'izz Aybak (2 May 1250 – 4 August 1250)
9		al-Ashraf Musa الملك الأشرف مظفر الدين موسى بن يوسف al-Malik al-Ashraf Muẓaffar ad-Dīn Mūsā ibn Yūsuf	August 1250 – 1254 (~4 years)	b. 1245 Son of either an-Nasir Yusuf or al-Ma'sud Yusuf. Installed as a child nominal ruler by Aybak; eventually deposed by him.

Emirs of Damascus (1174-1260)

See Rulers of Damascus.

1. Saladin, 1174–1193
2. al-Afdal Ali, son of Saladin, 1193–1196
3. al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1196–1218
4. al-Mu'azzam Isa, son of al-Adil I, 1218–1227
5. an-Nasir Dawud, son of al-Mu'azzam Isa, 1227–1229
6. al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1229–1237
7. as-Salih Ismail, son of al-Adil I, 1237–1238
8. al-Kamil, son of al-Adil I, 1238
9. al-Adil II, son of al-Kamil, 1238–1239
10. as-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil, 1239
11. as-Salih Ismail (second rule), 1239–1245
12. as-Salih Ayyub (second rule), 1245–1249
13. al-Muazzam Turanshah, son of as-Salih Ayyub, 1249–1250
14. an-Nasir Yusuf, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the Battle of Ain Jalut.

Emirs of Aleppo (1185-1260)

See Rulers of Aleppo.

1. Saladin, 1183–1193
2. al-Zahir Ghazi, son of Saladin, 1193-1216
3. al-Aziz Muhammad, son of al-Zahir Ghazi, 1216-1236
4. an-Nasir Yusuf, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1236–1260

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the Battle of Ain Jalut.

Emirs of al-Jazirah (1185-1260)

See Upper Mesopotamia & Al-Jazirah.

1. Saladin, 1186–1193
2. al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1193–1200
3. al-Awhad Ayyub, son of al-Adil I, 1200–1210
4. al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1210–1220
5. al-Muzaffar Ghazi, son of al-Adil I, 1220–1244
6. al-Kamil Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar Ghazi, 1244–1260

Takeover by Mongols in 1260.

Emirs of al-Karak (1188-1263)

Also referred to as governors of Transjordan. See al-Karak, Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods.

1. al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1188–1193
2. al-Mu'azzam Isa, son of al-Adil I, 1193–1227
3. an-Nasir Dawud, son of al-Mu'azzam Isa, 1229–1249
4. al-Mughith Umar, son of al-Adil II, 1249–1263

Takeover by Mamluks under Baybars in 1263.

Emirs of Yemen (1173-1229)

See Yemen, Ayyubid Conquest.

1. al-Mu'azzam Turan Shah, brother of Saladin, 1173–1181
2. al-Aziz Tughtakin, brother of Saladin, 1181–1197
3. al-Mu'izz Isma'il, son of al-Aziz Tughtakin, 1197–1202
4. an-Nasir Muhammad, son of al-Aziz Tughtakin, 1202–1214
5. al-Muzaffar Sulayman, grandson of al-Muzaffar I Umar, 1214–1215
6. al-Mas'ud Yusuf, son of al-Kamil, 1215–1229

Takeover by Rasulid dynasty of Yemen in 1229.

Emirs of Homs (1178-1263)

See Homs, Seljuk, Ayyubid and Mamluk Rule.

1. al-Qahir Muhammad, cousin of Saladin, 1178–1186
2. al-Mujahid Shirkuh, son of al-Qahir Muhammad, 1186–1240
3. al-Mansur Ibrahim, son of al-Mujahid Shirkuh, 1240–1246
4. al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Mansur Ibrahim, 1246–1248
5. an-Nasir Yusuf, Emir of Aleppo, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260
6. al-Ashraf Musa (second rule), 1260–1263 (vassal to the Mongols and then Mamluks)

Takeover by Mamluks under Baybars from 1263.

Emirs of Hama (1178-1341)

See Hama, Muslim Rule.

1. al-Muzaffar I Umar, son of Nur ad-Din Shahanshah (brother of Saladin), 1178–1191
2. al-Mansur I Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar Umar, 1191–1221
3. al-Nasir Kilij Arslan, son of al-Mansur Muhammad, 1221–1229
4. al-Muzaffar II Mahmud, son of al-Mansur Muhammad, 1229–1244
5. al-Mansur II Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar II Mahmud, 1244–1284 (Mamluk vassal from 1260)
6. al-Muzaffar III Mahmud, son of al-Mansur II Muhammad, 1284–1299 (Mamluk vassal)
7. al-Mu'ayyad Isma'il, brother of al-Mansur II Muhammad, 1310–1332 (Mamluk vassal)
8. al-Afdal Muhammad, son of al-Mu'ayyad Isma'il, 1332–1341 (Mamluk vassal)

Formal takeover by Mamluk sultanate in 1341.

Emirs of Baalbek (1175-1260)

See Baalbek, Middle Ages.

1. al-Mu'azzam Turan Shah, brother of Saladin, 1178–1179
2. al-Mansur Farrukh Shah, nephew of al-Mu'azzam Turan Shah, 1179–1182
3. al-Amjad Bahram Shah, son of Farrukh Shah, 1182–1230

Incorporated into the emirate of Damascus in 1230 under al-Ashraf Musa. Ruled thereafter by rulers of Damascus till its takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.

Emirs of Banyas (1218-1260)

See Banyas.

1. al-Aziz Uthman, son of al-Adil I, 1218–1232
2. al-Zahir Ghazi, son of al-'Aziz Uthman, 1232–1232
3. al-Sa'id Hasan, son of al-'Aziz Uthman, 1232–1247

Incorporated into the emirate of Damascus in 1230 under Sultan as-Salih Ayyub. Ruled thereafter by rulers of Damascus till its takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.

Emirs of Hisn Kayfa (1232-1524)

See Hisn Kaifa, Ayyubid and Mongols.

1. as-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil, 1232–1239
2. al-Mu'azzam Turanshah, son of as-Salih Ayyub, 1239–1249
3. al-Muwahhid Taqiyya ad-Din Abdullah, son of al-Mu'azzam Turanshah, 1249–1294
4. al-Kamil Ahmad I, 1294–1325
5. al-Adil Mujir ad-Din Muhammad, 1325–1328
6. al-Adil Shahab ad-Din, 1328–1349 (Meinecke gives this ruler as al-Adil Ghazi, 1341–1367)
7. as-Salih Abu-Bakr Khalil I, 1349–1378
8. al-Adil Fakhr ad-Din Sulayman I, 1378-1432 (Meinecke gives this ruler as al-Adil Sulayman, 1377–1424)
9. al-Ashraf Sharaf ad Din, 1432–1433
10. as-Salih Salah ad-Din, 1433–1452
11. al-Kamil Ahmad II, 1452–1455
12. al-Adil Khalif, 1455–1462
13. as-Salih Khalil II, 1482–1511
14. al-Adil Sulayman II, 1511–1514
15. as-Salih Khalil II (second rule), 1514–1520
16. al-Malik Hussayn, 1520–1521
17. al-Adil Sulayman II (second rule), 1521–1524

Takeover by the Ottoman Empire in 1524.

Genealogy

Family tree of Ayyubid rulers. Sultans of Egypt (Nominal Ayyubid overlords) in bold. E: Egypt, D: Damascus, A: Aleppo, K: Karak, Y: Yemen, H: Hama, Ho: Homs, B: Baalbek, By: Banyas

Shadi ibn Marwan Ayyub Shirkuh Saladin E. D. 1174-1193 A. 1183-1193 J. 1186-1193 al-Adil I K. 1188-1193 J. 1193-1200 D. 1196-1218 E. 1200-1218 Shahanshah al-Muazzam Turanshah Y. 1173-1181 B. 1178-1179 al-Aziz Tughtakin Y. 1181-1197 al-Qahir Muhammad Ho. 1178-1186 al-Aziz Uthman E. 1193-1198 al-Zahir Ghazi A. 1193-1216 al-Afdal Ali D. 1193-1196 al-Kamil E. 1218-1238 D. 1238 al-Awhad Ayyub J. 1200-1210 al-Muazzam Isa K. 1193-1227 D. 1218-1227 al-Ashraf Musa J. 1210-1220 D. 1229-1237 as-Salih Isma'il D. 1237-1238, 1239-1245 al-Mansur Farrukhshah B. 1179-1182 al-Muzaffar Umar H. 1178-1191 al-Mu'izz Isma'il Y. 1197-1202 al-Nasir Ayyub Y. 1202-1214 al-Mujahid Shirkuh Ho. 1186-1240 al-Mansur Muhammad E. 1198-1200 al-Aziz Muhammad A. 1216-1236 al-Adil II E. 1238-1240 D. 1238-1239 as-Salih Ayyub D. 1239, 1245-1249 E. 1240-1249 al-Mas'ud Yusuf Y. 1215-1229 al-Nasir Dawud D. 1227-1229 K. 1229-1249 al-Muzaffar Ghazi J. 1220-1244 al-Aziz Uthman By. 1218-1232 Bahram Shah B. 1182-1230 al-Mansur I Muhammad H. 1191-1221 Shahanshah al-Mansur Ibrahim Ho. 1240-1246 al-Nasir Yusuf A. 1236-1260 D. 1250-1260 Ho. 1248-1260 al-Mughith Umar K. 1249-1263 al-Mu'azzam Turanshah E. D. 1249-1250 al-Kamil Muhammad J. 1244-1260 al-Zahir Ghazi By. 1232 al-Nasir Kilij Arslan H. 1221-1229 al-Muzaffar II Mahmud H. 1229-1244 al-Muzaffar Sulayman Y. 1214-1215 al-Ashraf Musa Ho. 1246-1248 al-Ashraf Musa E. 1250-1254 al-Sa'id Hassan By. 1232-1247 al-Mansur II Muhammad H. 1244-1284 al-Muzaffar Ali al-Muzaffar III Mahmud H. 1284-1299 al-Mu'ayyad Isma'il H. 1310-1332 al-Afdal Muhammad H. 1332-1341

Sources

• Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press, pp. 70-75.
• Humphreys, R.S. (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. New York: SUNY press. pp. 381–386. ISBN 0-87395-263-4.
• Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894), "Ayyūbids", The Mohammadan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company, pp. 74–79, OCLC 1199708
• Meinecke, Michael (1996), "3. Hasankeyf/Ḥiṣn Kaifā on the Tigris: A Regional Center on the Crossroad of Foreign Influences", Patterns of Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists, New York University Press, ISBN 9780814754924