Émile Amagat

Émile Hilaire Amagat
Born(1841-01-02)2 January 1841
Saint-Satur, France
Died15 February 1915(1915-02-15) (aged 74)
Saint-Satur, France
Known forAmagat's law, Hydraulic Manometer
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics, Thermodynamics

Émile Hilaire Amagat (2 January 1841 in Saint-Satur – 15 February 1915) was a French physicist.[1] His doctoral thesis, published in 1872, expanded on the work of Thomas Andrews, and included plots of the isotherms of carbon dioxide at high pressures.[2] Amagat published a paper in 1877 that contradicted the current understanding at the time, concluding that the coefficient of compressibility of fluids decreased with increasing pressure.[2] He continued to publish data on isotherms for a number of different gases between 1879 and 1882,[2] and invented the hydraulic manometer, which was able to withstand up to 3200 atmospheres, as opposed to 400 atmospheres using a glass apparatus.[3] In 1880 he published his law of partial volumes, now known as Amagat's law.

For his studies, he developed many original piezometer devices. To achieve high pressures, he first used a church tower for about 63 m of height, then a mine shaft at Verpilleux near Saint-Étienne for a 327 m mercury column, achieving ~430 atm, in order to study the equations of state of certain gases.[4] His expertise led him to collaborate with the physicist Peter Tait in the development of a piezometer suitable for measuring the compressibility of liquids.[5]

In 1886 he constructed a steel manometer that employed a reversed hydraulic press to generate the pressure. The high pressure was generated by a force pump and screw-driven plunger in a steel receiver. This pressure was then transmitted via liquid in a tube into the sample chamber containing the gas or liquid. The apparatus had a steel cylinder of about 3 cm internal diameter with a much larger steel jacket, and compression was continued by the screw device after initial pumping. To measure the pressure accurately, he used a double-headed free-piston manometer with the piston made gas-tight with viscous liquids such as molasses (for the small pistons) and castor oil (for the large pistons). Each free-piston has two heads. The small head has area is pressed against the higher pressure chamber with pressure , and the large head has area pressed against another chamber with lower pressure . The piston is balanced statically when . By using pistons with , and measuring using a mercury column height manometer (up to 5.20 m), it was possible to measure pressures exceeding 3000 atm at an accuracy of ~1%.[6]

Amagat was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences on 9 June 1902.[7] A unit of number density, amagat, was named after him. He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1897.[8] E. F. Amagat, was elected to honorary membership of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.[9]

The French Academy of Sciences gave him the posthumous award of the Prix Jean Reynaud for 1915.[10]

In film

References

  1. ↑ "Encyclopédie [personnage]: Amagat". Éditions Larousse. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 Daintith, J.; Mitchell, S.; Tootill, E., eds. (1981). "Amagat, Emile Hilaire". Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. Vol. 1. New York: Facts on File. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-87196-396-3. OCLC 6709010. OL 24722815M.
  3. ↑ Bridgman, P. W. (1909). "An absolute gauge for measuring high hydrostatic pressures". Physical Review. Series I. 28 (2). American Physical Society: 145. Bibcode:1909PhRvI..28..140.. doi:10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.28.140.
  4. ↑ Foulc, J.-N.; Aitken, F. (2020). "Une expérience scientifique au XIXe siècle dans le puits Verpilleux". Revue des Amis du Musée de la Mine de Saint-Étienne (in French). 59: 25–28. hal-03038309v1.
  5. ↑ Aitken, F.; Foulc, J.-N. (2019). From Tait's Work on the Compressibility of Seawater to Equations-of-State for Liquids. From Deep Sea to Laboratory. Vol. 3. London: ISTE. doi:10.1002/9781119663362. ISBN 978-1-78630-376-9. S2CID 204258765.
  6. ↑ Amagat, É. H. (1899). "On the Elasticity and the Thermal Expansion of Fluids Throughout an Interval Terminating in Very High Pressures". In Barus, Carl (ed.). The Laws of Gases: Memoirs by Robert Boyle and E. H. Amagat (PDF). Harper's Scientific Memoirs. Vol. 5. New York: Harper & Brothers.
  7. ↑ Payen, J. (1970). "Amagat, Émile". In Gillispie, C. C. (ed.). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-0-68410-114-9. OCLC 89822..
  8. ↑ Boyle, R.; Amagat, E. H. (1899). The Laws of Gases. Harper's Scientific Memoirs. Vol. V. Translated by Barus, C. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. p. 107. OCLC 1738914. OL 14018425M.
  9. ↑ Memoirs and proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society FOURTH SERIES Eighth VOLUME 1894
  10. ↑ "Académie des sciences – Séance du 18 décembre". Le Moniteur Scientifique du Docteur Quesneville (in French). 84 (903): 67–69. March 1917. OCLC 40372762.


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