Eastern Thailand conurbation

Eastern Thailand Conurbation
เขตเมืองภาคตะวันออก
Conurbation
Pattaya city
Map Ta Phut Natural gas separation plant
Area
 • Total
3,273.93 km2 (1,264.07 sq mi)
Population
 (2024 census)
 • Total
1,832,719
(Registered residents)
 • Density559.792/km2 (1,449.85/sq mi)
Map showing the urban build-up density and spatial distribution along the Eastern Seaboard coastline of Thailand, stretching from Chonburi Province to Rayong city center.

The Eastern Thailand conurbation stretches along the Eastern Seaboard of the Gulf of Thailand, from Mueang Chonburi district to Si Racha and Laem Chabang,[1]: 10–11  through Sattahip district,[2]: iii  linked by rail and highway infrastructure to the industrial port complex at Map Ta Phut,[3] which itself forms a single conurbation with Rayong city.[4] The region contains more than eighty separate local administrative organizations (LAOs) with a combined population of over 1.8 million across an area of roughly 3,274 km². It should not be confused with the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC), the special economic development zone established by statute over the same three provinces (Chonburi, Rayong, and Chachoengsao); the EEC is a policy and investment-promotion regime with a narrowly economic mandate, whereas the Eastern Thailand conurbation refers to the continuous built-up area and its constituent local governments.

The region forms the industrial and tourism core of Thailand's east coast, anchored by the deep-sea port of Laem Chabang, the petrochemical complex at Map Ta Phut, and the resort city of Pattaya. Rapid industrialisation since the 1980s Eastern Seaboard Development Program, followed by the designation of the EEC in 2018, has driven sustained population growth and urban sprawl across the coastal plain, drawing in industrial estates, workers' housing, and tourism infrastructure that now form a nearly continuous urbanised strip linking Chonburi city, Pattaya, and Rayong.[5][6]: 4–5 

As with the Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area, the region's administration remains fragmented among dozens of independent local governments, none of which holds general planning authority across the conurbation as a whole.[6]: 16  This has produced recurring difficulties in coordinating region-wide infrastructure — including wastewater treatment, solid waste disposal, and land-use planning — even as the central government has, through the EEC, imposed a single consolidated land-use plan on the three provinces from above.[6]: 5, 16–7 [7]

Geography

The Eastern Thailand conurbation occupies the low coastal plain and adjoining hills of the Gulf of Thailand's eastern shore, roughly 80 to 220 kilometres southeast of Bangkok. It spans several districts across two provinces, such as Mueang Chonburi, Bang Lamung, Si Racha, Sattahip, Ban Chang, and Mueang Rayong. Along the coastline itself, urbanisation is largely continuous: a near-unbroken strip of municipalities links Chonburi city, the Laem Chabang–Si Racha industrial and port corridor, the Pattaya–Bang Lamung tourism strip, and the Map Ta Phut–Rayong industrial belt, each municipal boundary meeting the next along the shore road.[6]: 16–7 [8]

Inland, the built-up area is considerably more discontinuous. Some of the intervening gaps visible in built-up density mapping reflect permanent topographic and conservation constraints — the hills bounding the coastal plain to the north and inland areas set aside as protected forest — which are unlikely to be developed regardless of future growth. Other gaps, however, consist of flat, undeveloped land with no such constraint; the largest of these, a roughly flat tract in Huai Yai subdistrict lying between the Si Racha–Laem Chabang cluster, the Pattaya–Nong Prue cluster, the Nikhom Phatthana– Pluak Daeng industrial belt, and the Map Ta Phut–Rayong complex, was selected in 2025 as the site of a planned new town intended explicitly to fill this space and physically link the surrounding clusters.[9]

Economy and industry

The region is one of Thailand's principal industrial and logistics zones. Laem Chabang, in Si Racha district, is Thailand's largest deep-sea container port, and is undergoing a third-phase expansion intended to raise its annual container capacity to roughly 18 million TEU.[10] Further south, the Map Ta Phut industrial estate in Rayong forms the country's largest petrochemical and heavy-industry complex, and its associated deep-water port is likewise being expanded to increase capacity for natural gas and liquid cargo.[11] Along the coast between the two industrial poles, Pattaya and neighbouring Bang Lamung township form one of Thailand's largest tourism economies, drawing close to 15 million visitors annually.[12]

Since 2018 the government has designated twelve target industries for the wider Eastern Economic Corridor, including next-generation automotive and electric vehicles, robotics, digital services, and medical services, alongside the area's traditional petrochemical and automotive manufacturing base.[13] A flagship transport project intended to serve the region, the High-Speed Rail Linking Three Airports (Don Mueang–Suvarnabhumi–U-Tapao), was approved in 2018 to connect U-Tapao International Airport near Rayong to Bangkok's two main airports at speeds of up to 250 km/h, at a project cost of roughly 224.5 billion baht.[14][15] As of mid-2026, the project remained more than seven years behind its original schedule: the private concessionaire told the State Railway of Thailand and the EEC Office in June 2026 that it could not secure project financing after lenders judged the scheme commercially unviable, leaving the government to decide whether to amend or terminate the concession contract.[16][17]

In July 2025 the EEC Office announced its most ambitious single project to date: the "EEC Business Center and Livable Smart City", a planned 1.34-trillion-baht new town on a 2,339-hectare site in Huai Yai subdistrict, Bang Lamung district — a still largely undeveloped area lying roughly equidistant between the Si Racha–Laem Chabang industrial-port cluster to the northwest, the Pattaya–Nong Prue tourism cluster to the west, the Nikhom Phatthana–Pluak Daeng industrial belt to the north, and the Map Ta Phut–Rayong petrochemical complex to the southeast. Nicknamed "Bangkok 2", the project is intended to accommodate up to 350,000 residents and create over 200,000 jobs by the 2030s, positioned explicitly to relieve congestion in Bangkok, Pattaya, and Rayong.[9]

Urban challenges

As in the Chiang Mai Metropolitan Area, the region's rapid growth has outpaced the capacity of its many independent local governments to plan and finance infrastructure at a scale matching the built-up area they collectively administer. The EEC's overlay of a single consolidated land-use plan, described in more detail below, has not resolved this underlying fragmentation: day-to-day responsibility for roads, waste collection, water and wastewater services, and local by-laws remains divided among more than eighty separate municipalities and subdistrict administrative organizations, each operating independently of the others.[7]

Fragmented infrastructure management

Solid waste and wastewater management are handled separately by each constituent LAO, with treatment capacity in some areas failing to keep pace with population and industrial growth. A 2020 assessment by the Rayong Provincial Administrative Organization found that eight separate municipalities in the Map Ta Phut–Rayong industrial belt, including Rayong City, Map Ta Phut, Noen Phra, Ban Chang, Thap Ma, and others, together housed over 316,000 people and produced large volumes of wastewater without a unified treatment system, degrading water quality in the Rayong River and threatening a reservoir used for the province's domestic water supply.[18] Solid waste management faces a similar pattern: a 2022 public-consultation process for a waste-to-energy cluster serving Pattaya required coordination across three separate districts (Bang Lamung, Si Racha, and Sattahip), each under different LAOs.[19] Residents in some already-industrialised areas have also reported contamination linked to the eased land-use restrictions described below: in Ban Bueng district, Chonburi, residents near a recycling facility reported persistent odours from metal burning, and testing they commissioned themselves — later corroborated by a government agency — found soil salinity and heavy-metal concentrations, including mercury, lead, cadmium, and manganese, well above standard levels, coinciding with die-off of nearby eucalyptus trees and livestock.[20]

Land-use planning and public participation

Land-use planning has followed a different but related path. Because ordinary town planning under the Town Planning Act B.E. 2562 (2019) is normally adopted separately by each municipality or province, the government instead used special executive powers in October 2017 to revoke the existing municipal and provincial land-use plans across all three EEC provinces and directed the Department of Public Works and Town and Country Planning to draft a single consolidated plan for the whole area, bypassing the public-participation procedures of the ordinary process.[21] A network of eight village groups from across the three provinces publicly objected to the draft plan in July 2019, calling on the government to disclose it and allow affected residents to comment before it was adopted.[22]

Environmental groups have argued that the resulting plan, finalised in December 2019, was drafted at a scale too broad to address local conditions, and that it reclassified substantial areas of productive farmland — including brackish-water rice and aquaculture land at Khao Din in Bang Pakong district — as industrial zones without meaningful consultation of affected residents.[23] Academic analysis of the EEC's planning framework has likewise concluded that overlapping and unclear lines of authority between the EEC Act and the ordinary Town Planning Act have produced persistent legal and procedural confusion over which body is responsible for land-use decisions in the region.[24]

The dispute escalated into formal legal action. In July 2020, a network of residents from villages across all three provinces — including Khao Din in Bang Pakong, Nong Tin Nok in Ban Pho, Khao Hin Son and Nong Naen in Phanom Sarakham, and areas of Bang Lamung and Si Racha — filed suit at the Supreme Administrative Court seeking to revoke the consolidated EEC land-use announcement, arguing that its drafting process had not provided the meaningful public participation required under Thai town-planning practice before agricultural and residential land was reclassified for industrial use.[25]

Legacy as a precedent

The EEC's planning process has since become a reference point in disputes over other centrally-imposed regional development schemes. In late June and early July 2026, protesters from the eastern provinces and from southern Thailand camped outside Government House under the banner of a "People's Network to Stop the Land-Selling Law", explicitly citing the EEC's land-use outcomes as a cautionary precedent while opposing a proposed Southern Economic Corridor Act and associated Landbridge project, as well as a plan to extend EEC-style development into neighbouring Prachinburi province. The protest ended on 1 July 2026 after the government agreed to withdraw the pending Southern corridor bill and establish a new planning committee that includes civil-society representatives.[26]

Population and administration

The Eastern Thailand conurbation is not a single, unified administrative entity. Rather, it is a functional urban area composed of more than eighty separate local administrative organizations (LAOs), each with its own elected council and executive and its own statutory land-use plan. As of the region's current administrative arrangement, no single metropolitan authority has general governing power — over land use, public services, or planning — across the entire conurbation.[7]

Map of the Eastern Thailand Urban Region, showing local administrative organization (LAO) boundaries and statutory land-use classifications. Numbers correspond to those used in the table below.
Statutory Land-Use Classifications:
   Commercial Center Zone
   Urban and Community Zone
   Urban Expansion Zone
   Rural Community Zone
   Industrial Development Zone
   Special Economic Zone for Industrial Activities
   Special Economic Zone for Special Activities
   Agricultural Promotion Zone
   Forest Conservation Zone
   Land Designated for Reform by Royal Decree
   Water Bodies and Reservoirs
   Open Space for Environmental Quality Conservation
   Island and Marine Tourism Zone
   Military and Naval Zone

Local government in Thailand follows a two-tier, decentralised system established mainly by the Provincial Administrative Organization Act B.E. 2540 (1997) and the Municipality Act B.E. 2496 (1953, as amended).[27] Within the region shown on the map, individual LAOs fall into three general categories: provincial administrative organizations (PAOs), one per province, with limited province-wide competences;[28] municipalities (thesaban), subdivided into city (thesaban nakhon), town (thesaban mueang), and subdistrict (thesaban tambon) municipalities based on population and revenue thresholds;[7] and subdistrict administrative organizations (SAOs/TAOs), covering areas not incorporated into a municipality.[28][7] Each numbered boundary on the map represents one such LAO. These bodies operate independently of one another; horizontal cooperation between them is not mandated by the Constitution or by national legislation, and coordination — where it exists — is informal or organised through the centrally-appointed provincial governor rather than through any elected regional body.[7]

Because the entire region falls within the three provinces covered by the Eastern Economic Corridor (Chonburi, Rayong, and Chachoengsao), statutory land use here is not determined separately by each constituent LAO, unlike the normal practice elsewhere in Thailand under the Town Planning Act B.E. 2562 (2019).[29] In October 2017 the government invoked the special powers of Section 44 of the interim charter to revoke the existing municipal and provincial city plans of the three provinces, directing the Department of Public Works and Town and Country Planning (DPT) to prepare a single, consolidated land-use, infrastructure, and public-utilities plan covering the whole EEC area — a process that bypassed the public-participation requirements of the ordinary town-planning process.[21] The colour-coded classifications visible on the map therefore reflect this single consolidated plan rather than a mosaic of separately adopted local plans.

The one body with authority spanning multiple LAO boundaries in the region is the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) itself, established under the Eastern Special Development Zone Act B.E. 2561 (2018).[30] The EEC is administered by the Eastern Special Development Zone Policy Office (formerly the Eastern Economic Corridor Office, EECO), an independent public agency reporting directly to the Prime Minister, under the policy direction of the EEC Policy Committee.[31] Even so, the EEC's authority remains narrowly economic in scope rather than that of a general-purpose local government: beyond the consolidated land-use plan described above, its mandate covers the promotion of investment, the designation and management of promoted industrial and infrastructure zones, and the streamlining of approvals within those zones. It does not replace the constituent LAOs as providers of general municipal services — roads, waste collection, local by-laws, and so on — which remain the responsibility of each municipality, SAO, or PAO.[30][31] Consequently, day-to-day administration of most of the region continues to rest with the fragmented set of LAOs described above, with the EEC and its consolidated land-use plan acting as an overlay focused on investment-driven development rather than a substitute for general local governance.

The table below lists the constituent local government units of the Eastern Seaboard Urban Region, together with their population, area, and administrative status.

Legend
No.Local governmentArea
(km2)		Population
(2024)[32]		Density
(/km2)		Ref.
EnglishThai
01Tha Kam Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลท่าข้าม21.507,370342.79[33]
02Bang Nang Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลบางนาง23.829,634404.45[34]
03Khlong Tamru Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลคลองตำหรุ12.703,726293.39[35]
04Khlong Tamru Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลคลองตำหรุ9.804,680477.55[36]
05Ban Kao Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลบ้านเก่า11.886,728566.33[37]
06Phan Thong Nong Kakha Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลพานทองหนองกะขะ24.369,816402.96[38]
07Phan Thong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลพานทอง2.836,5572,316.96[39]
08Na Phrathat Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหน้าพระธาตุ14.535,977411.36[40]
09Don Hua Roh Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองดอนหัวฬ่อ18.5014,417779.30[41]
10Nong Tamlueng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองตำลึง24.5023,740968.98[42]
11Nong Hong Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองหงษ์25.078,753349.14[43]
12Map Pong Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลมาบโป่ง27.148,118299.12[44]
13Ban Soet Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลบ้านเซิด5.396,2251,154.92[45]
14Kut Ngong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลกุฎโง้ง5.406,3201,170.37[46]
15Phanat Nikhom Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองพนัสนิคม2.769,7243,523.19[47]
16Nong Mai Daeng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองไม้แดง10.0013,5241,352.40[48]
17Bang Sai Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบางทราย2.1610,9365,062.96[49]
18Chonburi Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองชลบุรี3.5022,5636,446.57[50]
19Ban Suan City Municipalityเทศบาลนครบ้านสวน19.5069,1573,546.51[51]
20Na Pa Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลนาป่า18.3043,6842,387.10[52]
21Samnak Bok Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลสำนักบก6.507,4441,145.23[53]
22Nong Samsak Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองซ้ำซาก19.326,609342.08[54]
23Map Phai Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลมาบไผ่26.026,972267.95[55]
24Ban Bueng Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองบ้านบึง8.0219,3412,411.60[56]
25Samet Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเสม็ด12.5023,2321,858.56[57]
26Ang Sila Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองอ่างศิลา18.6037,5942,021.18[58]
27Huai Kapi Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลห้วยกะปิ14.5017,8861,233.52[59]
28Nong Khang Khok Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองข้างคอก27.006,854253.85[60]
29Nong Ree Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองรี37.0016,251439.22[61]
30Ban Bueng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านบึง41.0015,555379.39[62]
31Saen Suk Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองแสนสุข20.2746,3922,288.70[63]
32Mueang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเหมือง20.4412,295601.52[64]
33Bang Phra Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบางพระ7.5013,5571,807.60[65]
34Bang Phra Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองบางพระ152.0017,954118.12[66]
35Si Racha Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองศรีราชา4.0624,6416,069.21[67]
36Ko Sichang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเกาะสีชัง17.34,678270.40[68]
37Nong Kham Subdistrict Municipality Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองขาม29.465,411183.67[69]
38Laem Chabang City Municipalityเทศบาลนครแหลมฉบัง88.5993,6661,057.30[70]
39Chaophraya Surasak City Municipalityเทศบาลนครเจ้าพระยาสุรศักดิ์276.98160,582579.76[71]
40Bang Lamung Town Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบางละมุง6.3813,5682,126.65[72]
41Takhian Tia Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลตะเคียนเตี้ย57.5828,148488.85[73]
42Nong Pla Lai Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลหนองปลาไหล30.6023,934782.16[74]
43Khao Mai Kaeo Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเขาไม้แก้ว98.008,84690.27[75]
44Pattaya Cityเมืองพัทยา53.84116,5042,163.89[76]
45Nong Prue Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองหนองปรือ45.5494,1252,066.86[77]
46Pong Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลโป่ง78.6012,293156.40[78]
47Huai Yai Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลห้วยใหญ่153.0032,282210.99[79]
48Na Chom Thian Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลนาจอมเทียน12.637,847621.30[80]
49Khao Chee Chan Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเขาชีจรรย์26.709,257346.70[81]
50Bang Sare Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบางเสร่7.8711,7981,499.11[82]
51Kled Kaew Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเกล็ดแก้ว58.0013,059225.16[83]
52Khet Udom Sak Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเขตรอุดมศักดิ์88.2556,137636.11[84]
53Sattahip Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองสัตหีบ6.2221,0563,385.21[85]
54Samae Sarn Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแสมสาร32.006,159192.47[86]
55Phlu Ta Luang Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองพลูตาหลวง54.0538,588713.93[87]
56Phla Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลพลา66.008,732132.30[88]
57Ban Chang Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านฉาง48.0016,936352.83[89]
58Ban Chang Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองบ้านฉาง24.0031,9901,332.92[90]
59Samnak Thon Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลสำนักท้อน14.8011,380768.92[91]
60Chark Mark Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลชากหมาก51.7211,033213.32[92]
61Map Ta Phut City Municipalityเทศบาลนครมาบตาพุด165.5779,773481.81[93]
62Noen Phra Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองเนินพระ12.5017,6391,411.12[94]
63Rayong City Municipalityเทศบาลนครระยอง16.9558,6143,458.05[95]
64Choeng Noen Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลเชิงเนิน24.3024,274998.93[96]
65Thap Ma Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลทับมา29.2426,136893.84[97]
66Nam Khok Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลน้ำคอก10.006,754675.40[98]
67Ta Khan Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลตาขัน36.6610,077274.88[99]
68Nong Taphan Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองตะพาน24.294,858200.00[100]
69Map Kha Phatthana Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลมาบข่าพัฒนา43.0012,092281.21[101]
70Nong Lalok Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลหนองละลอก78.1814,633187.17[102]
71Ban Khai Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านค่าย2.623,3891,293.51[103]
72Ban Khai Phatthana Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านค่ายพัฒนา13.102,999228.93[104]
73Nikhom Phatthana Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองนิคมพัฒนา14.4811,440790.06[105]
74Nikhom Phatthana Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลนิคมพัฒนา55.0015,315278.45[106]
75Makham Khu Town Municipalityเทศบาลเมืองมะขามคู่105.0015,389146.56[107]
76Phana Nikhom Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลพนานิคม53.0010,860204.91[108]
77Maenam Khu Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลแม่น้ำคู้112.2316,804149.73[109]
78Map Yang Phon Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลมาบยางพร81.0726,117322.15[110]
79Ban Pluak Daeng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลบ้านปลวกแดง2.875,5701,940.77[111]
80Pluak Daeng Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลปลวกแดง71.2221,194297.58[112]
81Ta Sit Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลตาสิทธิ์96.3310,203105.92[113]
82Jom Pol Jao Praya Subdistrict Municipalityเทศบาลตำบลจอมพลเจ้าพระยา2.84393138.38[114]
83Khao Khansong Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลเขาคันทรง60.007,364122.73[115]
84Bo Win Subdistrict Administrative Organizationองค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลบ่อวิน39.0028,597733.26[116]
TotalEastern Thailand Urban Region3,273.931,832,719559.79N/a

References

  1. ↑ Karthikeya, N.V.B.S.S.; Tripathi, N.K.; Mozumder, Chitrini; Pal, Indrajit; Pramanik, Malay (December 2024). "Impact of Land Transition around Eastern Economic Corridor in Thailand in the context of SDG 11.3.1 using Urban Heat Islands, Nighttime Light Intensity and Machine Learning". Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. 24 100499. Bibcode:2024EnvSI..2400499K. doi:10.1016/j.indic.2024.100499.
  2. ↑ "Thailand: Urban Sector Review" (PDF). World Bank. 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  3. ↑ "Thailand's Investment Hub". Site Selection Magazine. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  4. ↑ Soytong, P.; Perera, R. (2017). "Spatial analysis of the environmental conflict between state, society and industry at the Map Ta Phut-Rayong conurbation in Thailand". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 19 (3): 839–862. Bibcode:2017EDSus..19..839S. doi:10.1007/s10668-016-9768-9.
  5. ↑ "EEC- (Eastern Economic Corridor)". สถาบันพระปกเกล้า (King Prajadhipok's Institute) (in Thai). 15 March 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Nij Tontisirin; Sutee Anantsuksomsri (2021). "Economic Development Policies and Land Use Changes in Thailand: From the Eastern Seaboard to the Eastern Economic Corridor". Sustainability. 13 (11): 6153. Bibcode:2021Sust...13.6153T. doi:10.3390/su13116153.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Country and territory profiles: Thailand". OECD/UCLG, Second Edition of the World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment (SNG-WOFI). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  8. ↑ Chen, Gang; Hammelman, Colleen; Anantsuksomsri, Sutee; Tontisirin, Nij; Williams, Jackson; Carter, Ryan; Jones, Catherine L.; Ahdieh, Eleanor; Regalado, Karen; Seward, Nichole; Positlimpakul, Korrakot; Srisuwon, Sirima (2026). Tan Yigitcanlar (ed.). "Mixed-Methods Projections of Post-Pandemic Agricultural and Urban Land Use in Eastern Thailand". Sustainability. 18 (9): 4467. Bibcode:2026Sust...18.4467C. doi:10.3390/su18094467.
  9. 1 2 "Thailand to build Bangkok's twin in the eastern region". Thailand Business Information Center, Taiwan (Royal Thai Embassy). 29 July 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  10. ↑ "EEC คืออะไร ส่งผลอย่างไรต่อเศรษฐกิจและตลาดอสังหาฯ 3 จังหวัดภาคตะวันออก" [What is the EEC and how does it affect the economy and property market of the three eastern provinces]. DDproperty.com (in Thai). 20 May 2026. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  11. ↑ "EEC | Eastern Economic Corridor". Eastern Economic Corridor Office (EECO) (in Thai). Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  12. ↑ "EEC คืออะไร ส่งผลอย่างไรต่อเศรษฐกิจและตลาดอสังหาฯ 3 จังหวัดภาคตะวันออก" [What is the EEC and how does it affect the economy and property market of the three eastern provinces]. DDproperty.com (in Thai). 20 May 2026. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  13. ↑ "เขตพัฒนาพิเศษภาคตะวันออก (EEC) เครื่องยนต์เศรษฐกิจใหม่ ยกระดับไทยสู่ศูนย์กลางอุตสาหกรรมแห่งอนาคต" [The Eastern Economic Corridor: a new economic engine elevating Thailand to a future industrial hub]. Public Relations Department, Royal Thai Government (in Thai). Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  14. ↑ "High-Speed Rail Linking Three Airports". Eastern Economic Corridor Office (EECO). Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  15. ↑ Bangkok Post (2026-06-06). "Risk-sharing stalls high-speed airport rail deal". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  16. ↑ "ไฮสปีด 3 สนามบิน ถึงทางตัน! CP รับไม่ไหว มองโครงการไม่คุ้มค่า" [High-speed rail to three airports hits a dead end! CP can no longer proceed, deems the project unviable]. อีจัน (Ejan) (in Thai). 29 June 2026. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  17. ↑ "รถไฟความเร็วสูง 3 สนามบิน ถึงทางแยกสุดท้าย 'แก้สัญญา' หรือ 'ยุติโครงการ'" [High-speed rail to three airports reaches its final fork: "amend the contract" or "terminate the project"]. MGR Online (in Thai). July 2026. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  18. ↑ "อบจ.ระยองทุ่ม 2.3 พันล้าน ลุยบำบัดน้ำเสียครบวงจร" [Rayong PAO invests 2.3 billion baht in comprehensive wastewater treatment]. Bangkokbiznews (in Thai). 31 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  19. ↑ "เมืองพัทยาเดินหน้าแผนกำจัดขยะกว่า 1,500 ตัน ในรูปแบบเผาทำลาย ก่อนเปลี่ยนเป็นพลังงานไฟฟ้า" [Pattaya City moves ahead with plan to incinerate over 1,500 tonnes of waste for power generation]. MGR Online (in Thai). 9 March 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  20. ↑ "ในน้ำมีมลทิน ในดินมีสารพิษ: โครงการ EEC ฝันร้ายของคนภาคตะวันออก?" [Poison in the water, toxins in the soil: is the EEC project a nightmare for people of the east?]. The 101 World (in Thai). 9 August 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  21. 1 2 "Rethink EEC land use plan". Bangkok Post. 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  22. ↑ "ชาวบ้านภาคตะวันออกร้อง EEC ซ้อนทับที่อยู่อาศัย-ไม่มีการรับฟัง" [Eastern residents complain that the EEC plan overlaps housing and lacked consultation]. Workpoint Today (in Thai). 23 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  23. ↑ "เปิดผลกระทบ "ผังเมือง EEC" : ทำลายระบบนิเวศ และวิถีชีวิตของประชาชน" [Revealing the impact of the "EEC land-use plan": destroying ecosystems and residents' livelihoods]. Environmental Law Foundation (EnLAW) (in Thai). 11 December 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  24. ↑ เรืองกาญจน์กุล, สัจจวัตน์ (28 December 2021). "ปัญหาการบังคับใช้กฎหมายผังเมืองในเขตพัฒนาพิเศษภาคตะวันออก" [Problems in the enforcement of town-planning law in the Eastern Special Development Zone]. วารสารวิชาการ มหาวิทยาลัยนอร์ทกรุงเทพ (in Thai). 10 (2): 170–178. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  25. ↑ "สรุปประเด็นการยื่นคำฟ้องเพิกถอนประกาศแผนผังการใช้ประโยชน์ในที่ดิน ฯ ในเขตพัฒนาพิเศษภาคตะวันออก (EEC) ต่อศาลปกครองสูงสุด" [Summary of the lawsuit seeking to revoke the EEC land-use plan announcement before the Supreme Administrative Court]. Environmental Law Foundation (EnLAW) (in Thai). 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  26. ↑ "จาก EEC ถึง SEC คุยกับประชาชนม็อบค้านแลนด์บริดจ์ กับผลกระทบชุมชน วิถีชีวิต สิ่งแวดล้อม" [From EEC to SEC: talking to the anti-Landbridge protesters about impacts on community, livelihood, and environment]. The MATTER (in Thai). 1 July 2026. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  27. ↑ "Determining Plans and Process of Decentralization to Local Government Organization Act B.E. 2542 (1999)" (PDF). Office of the Determining Plans and Process of Decentralization to Local Government Organization Commission. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  28. 1 2 "List of Local Administrative Organizations". Department of Local Administration (DLA). Retrieved 2026-07-09.
  29. ↑ "Town Planning Act, B.E. 2562 (2019)" (PDF). Office of the Council of State of Thailand, FAOLEX.
  30. 1 2 "What is EEC?". Eastern Economic Corridor Office (EECO). Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  31. 1 2 "EEC Fact Sheet" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand. Retrieved 2026-07-05.
  32. ↑ "สถิติประชากรทางการทะเบียนราษฎร(รายเดือน)" [Population statistics from civil registration (monthly)]. dopa.go.th. Retrieved 3 July 2026.
  33. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. thakam.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  34. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่น (พ.ศ.2566-2570)" [Local Development Plan (2023-2027)]. bangnang.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  35. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. klongtamru.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  36. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.klongtumrucity.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  37. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. bankaochonburi.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  38. ↑ "องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลพานทองหนองกะขะ" [Phan Thong Nong Kakha Subdistrict Administrative Organization]. phanthongnongkakha.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  39. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. phanthongcity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  40. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมาของตำบลหน้าพระธาตุ" [The history of Na Phra That Subdistrict]. naprathad.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  41. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.dhr.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  42. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่นสี่ปี (พ.ศ. ๒๕61 - ๒๕64)" [Four-Year Local Development Plan (2018 - 2021)] (PDF). nongtumlueng.go.th/ (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  43. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. nonghong.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  44. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่น (พ.ศ.2566 - 2570)" [Local Development Plan (2023 - 2027)]. mabpong.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  45. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General condition]. banserd.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  46. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. kudngong.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  47. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [Basic information]. phanatnikhomcity.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  48. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. nongmaidaeng.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  49. ↑ "ลักษณะที่ตั้ง" [Location characteristics]. bangsaichonburi.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  50. ↑ "รายงานการติดตามและประเมินผลแผนพัฒนาเทศบาลเมืองชลบุรี ประจําปีงบประมาณ พ.ศ. 2568" [Monitoring and Evaluation Report of the Chonburi Municipality Development Plan, Fiscal Year 2025] (PDF). chonburicity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  51. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่น" [Local development plan]. www.bansuan.go.th (in Thai). 30 May 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  52. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. www.napachon.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  53. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. www.samnakbok.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  54. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. nongsumsak.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  55. ↑ "ประวัติ/สภาพทั่วไป" [History/General Condition]. www.mabpai.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  56. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.banbuengcity.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 13 April 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  57. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. www.samedcity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  58. ↑ "ประวัติเทศบาล" [History of the municipality]. www.angsilacity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  59. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General condition]. www.huaykapi.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  60. ↑ "ข้อมูลและรายละเอียดชุมชน" [Community information and details]. nongkhangkok.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  61. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. nongree.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  62. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General condition]. www.banbueng.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  63. ↑ "แนะนำเทศบาล: เทศบาลเมืองแสนสุข จ.ชลบุรี" [Introducing the municipality: Saensuk Municipality, Chonburi Province]. www.saensukcity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  64. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่น (พ.ศ. 2566-2570)" [Local Development Plan (2023-2027)] (PDF). www.mheung.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  65. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. bangphrachon.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  66. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.bangphratown.go.th (in Thai). Archived from the original on 6 July 2026. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  67. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.srirachacity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  68. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [Basic information]. www.kohsichang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  69. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. www.nongkhamlocal.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  70. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [Basic information]. www.lcb.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  71. ↑ "ประวัติความเป็นมา" [Historical background]. chaoprayasurasak.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  72. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. banglamung.go.th/ (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  73. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. takhiantia.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  74. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information] (PDF). nongplalai.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  75. ↑ "ข้อมูลทั่วไป เทศบาล" [General information about the municipality]. khaomaikaew.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  76. ↑ "ประวัติเมืองพัทยา" [History of Pattaya City]. pattaya.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  77. ↑ "ประวัติเทศบาลเมืองหนองปรือ" [History of Nong Prue Municipality]. nongpruecity.go.th/ (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  78. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. pongcity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  79. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐานtrans-title=General conditions and basic information". www.huayyai.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  80. ↑ "ลักษณะโดยทั่วไป" [General characteristics]. www.tessabannajomtien.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  81. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. www.khaocheechan.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  82. ↑ "ข้อมูลทั่วไป" [General information]. www.bangsaray.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  83. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General information]. kledkaew.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  84. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General information]. www.khetudomsak.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  85. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่น (พ.ศ.2566–2570)" [Local Development Plan (2023–2027)] (PDF). www.sattahipmunicipality.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  86. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่น (พ.ศ.2566–2570)" [Local Development Plan (2023–2027)] (PDF). www.samaesarn.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  87. ↑ "สภาพและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [Conditions and basic information] (PDF). www.plutaluang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  88. ↑ "เกี่ยวกับตำบลพลา" [About Phla Subdistrict]. www.pala.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  89. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General information]. www.banchang.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  90. ↑ "ข้อมูล และรายละเอียดชุมชน" [Community information and details]. banchangcity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  91. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. snt.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  92. ↑ "สภาพและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [Condition and basic information]. www.charkmark.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  93. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไปของเทศบาล" [General information about the municipality]. www.maptaphutcity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  94. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General information]. www.noenphracity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  95. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปเทศบาลนครระยอง - ที่ตั้งและประชากร" [General information about Rayong City Municipality - Location and population]. www.rayongcity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  96. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General information]. www.choengnoen.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  97. ↑ "ประวัติ และข้อมูลตำบล" [History and information of the subdistrict]. thapma.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  98. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General condition]. www.namkhokcity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  99. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information] (PDF). www.takhan.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  100. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.nongtaphan.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  101. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปของเทศบาลตำบลมาบข่าพัฒนา" [General information about Mab Kha Phatthana Subdistrict Municipality]. www.mapkhaphatthana.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  102. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.nonglalok.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  103. ↑ "ข้อมูลทั่วไป" [General information]. www.bankhaicity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  104. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General condition]. www.bankhaipattana.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  105. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. nikhomphatthanacity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  106. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General condition]. nikhompattana.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  107. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. makhamkhu.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  108. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. www.pananikhom.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  109. ↑ "ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน/ประวัติ/สภาพทั่วไป" [Basic information/History/General conditions]. www.maenamkhu.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  110. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. mabyangporn.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  111. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลพื้นฐาน" [General conditions and basic information]. www.banpluakdaengcity.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  112. ↑ "ข้อมูลทั่วไป" [General information]. pluakdaeng.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  113. ↑ "แผนพัฒนาท้องถิ่น (พ.ศ.2561–2566)" [Local Development Plan (2018–2023)] (PDF). tasit.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  114. ↑ "ประวัติเทศบาลตำบลจอมพลเจ้าพระยา" [History of Chom Phol Chao Phraya Subdistrict Municipality]. jompoljaopraya.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  115. ↑ "สภาพทั่วไปและข้อมูลทั่วไป" [General conditions and general information]. khaokhansong.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  116. ↑ "ข้อมูลสภาพทั่วไป" [General information]. bowin.go.th (in Thai). Retrieved 6 July 2026.
This page is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.