Ctenus hibernalis

Ctenus hibernalis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Ctenidae
Genus: Ctenus
Species:
C. hybernalis
Binomial name
Ctenus hybernalis
Hentz, 1844

Ctenus hybernalis, Alabama wandering spiders, are wandering spiders (Ctenidae) native to the southeastern United States, primarily Alabama.[1][2][3][4][5]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

The species was originally described by Nicholas Marcellus Hentz in 1844 as Ctenus hybernalis.[6] In a subsequent work, Nathan Banks (1898) altered the spelling to Ctenus hibernalis without providing a justification for the change; this constitutes an unjustified emendation under zoological nomenclature.[7] The original spelling (*hybernalis*) was occasionally retained, for example by Bishop and Crosby (1926).[8]

Later influential treatments, notably those by Willis J. Gertsch (1935) and William B. Peck (1981), explicitly cited Hentz's original spelling in their taxonomic histories but nevertheless adopted the emended spelling (*hibernalis*) in usage.[9][10] As a result, *hibernalis* became the prevailing spelling in much of the later literature and in several online databases. As of the mid-2020s, efforts to restore the original spelling (*hybernalis*) have begun to appear in online platforms and curated databases.

Evolution

Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that Ctenus hybernalis belongs to a well-supported clade of North American species that is distinct from other members of the genus. This clade includes Ctenus hybernalis (Alabama), Ctenus exlineae (Arkansas), Ctenus captiosus (Florida), Ctenus valverdiensis (Texas), and Ctenus mitchelli (Mexico). Phylogenomic studies consistently recover these taxa as a monophyletic group, suggesting a single colonization event of the genus into the United States.[11][12]

Distribution

The species is found in the southeastern United States and is known almost exclusively from Alabama, with a small number of records from neighboring Georgia.[2][13]

Habitat

Ctenus hybernalis is typically observed in rocky mixed woodlands, often near streams or other sources of water. It has occasionally been recorded entering human structures, based on observation data.[14]

References

  1. ↑ "Ctenus hibernalis Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  2. 1 2 "Ctenus hibernalis". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  3. ↑ "Ctenus hybernalis". World Spider Catalog. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
  4. ↑ "Ctenus hybernalis". iNaturalist.
  5. ↑ Hentz, Nicholas Marcellus (1844). "Descriptions and figures of the araneides of the United States". Boston Journal of Natural History. 4 (4): 386–396.
  6. ↑ Banks, Nathan (1898). "Arachnida from Baja California and other parts of Mexico". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 3. 1 (7): 205–309.
  7. ↑ Bishop, Sherman C.; Crosby, Cyrus R. (1926). "Notes on the spiders of the southeastern United States with descriptions of new species". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 41: 163–212.
  8. ↑ Gertsch, Willis J. (1935). "New American spiders with notes on other species". American Museum Novitates (805): 1–24.
  9. ↑ Peck, William B. (1981). "The Ctenidae of temperate zone North America". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 170: 157–169.
  10. ↑ Hazzi, Nicolás A.; Hormiga, Gustavo (2023). "Molecular phylogeny of the tropical wandering spiders (Araneae, Ctenidae) and the evolution of eye conformation in the RTA clade". Cladistics. 39 (1): 18–42. doi:10.1111/cla.12518.
  11. ↑ Hazzi, Nicolás A.; Wood, Hannah M.; Hormiga, Gustavo (2025). "Reassessing the evolutionary relationships of tropical wandering spiders using phylogenomics: a UCE-based phylogeny of Ctenidae (Araneae) with the discovery of a new lycosoid family". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 203 108245. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108245.
  12. ↑ "Ctenus hybernalis". iNaturalist.
  13. ↑ "Ctenus hybernalis". iNaturalist.
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