Constantin Cândea

Constantin Cândea
Constantin Cândea in 1940
Born(1887-12-15)December 15, 1887
Mărgineni, Bacău, Kingdom of Romania
DiedMarch 4, 1971(1971-03-04) (aged 83)
Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania
Resting place
Bellu Cemetery (Figure 4), Bucharest
44°24′14″N 26°05′59″E / 44.40381°N 26.099685°E / 44.40381; 26.099685
EducationKöniglich Bayerische Technische Hochschule München
Known for
Spouse(s)Maria Cândea, née Antoniade
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry, Petrochemistry
WorkplacesPolytechnic University of Timișoara

Constantin Cândea (Romanian pronunciation: [konstanˈtiŋ ˈkɨnde̯a]; December 15, 1887 – March 4, 1971) was a Romanian chemist, professor, Doctor Docent,[3][4] Engineer with habilitation in Chemistry,[5] and Rector of the Politehnica University of Timișoara (then the Polytechnic School of Timișoara) between 1946 and 1947.[6] He founded the chemistry laboratories of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara, served as a deputy, and was a member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences.

Biography

Constantin Cândea and Maria Cândea née Antoniade

Constantin Cândea was born on December 15, 1887, in the commune of Mărgineni, Bacău, Bacău County.

He married Maria Cândea née Antoniade on September 27, 1923 (born October 2, 1889 in Galați – died April 16, 1974 in Bucharest), a professor of French and Romanian, Doctor of Letters from the Sorbonne, who founded[7][8] and served as principal of the Girls' Normal School "Queen Marie" (today the National Pedagogical College "Queen Marie") in Ploiești from November 10, 1918.

The couple had two children: Mioara-Rodica Georgescu née Cândea, an architect, (July 9, 1924, Ploiești – September 13, 2017, Montreal), and Ioan-Radu Cândea, a civil engineer (September 24, 1925, Ploiești – February 11, 2016, Bucharest).

Constantin Cândea passed away on March 4, 1971, in Bucharest at the age of 83. He was buried in Bellu Cemetery, Plot 4.[9]

Education

In 1906, he graduated from the "Prince Ferdinand" High School in Bacău,[3] after which he attended the Königlich Bayerische Technische Hochschule München (today the Technical University of Munich), graduating in 1911 with a degree in Chemical engineering.

Constantin Cândea in the Quantitative Chemistry Laboratory at TUM, 1907

In 1920, Constantin Cândea obtained the degree of Doctor in Chemical Sciences from the Faculty of Sciences of Bucharest.[10] His doctoral dissertation, structured in two parts, addressed both fundamental studies in organic chemistry and analyses concerning the economics of energy resources. The first part, entitled "On the Constitution of Diphenol-, Dithiophenol-, Di-α- and β-Naphthol, Dithionaphthol, Dimethylaniline-, Thionaphthenquinones, α-Naphtholisatin and Their Dye Derivatives", examined the structure and properties of a series of phenolic compounds and their derivatives relevant to dye chemistry. The second part, "The Importance of Petroleum for Romanian Industry", analyzed the strategic role of petroleum in the economic development of Romania during the first half of the twentieth century.

Career and Professional Activity

At the beginning of his academic career, Constantin Cândea served as a lecturer at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Bucharest, the institution where he also earned his doctorate in chemistry. At the same time, he was active as president of the Industrial Studies Circle, where he delivered lectures on policies for the development of Romanian industry.[11][12][13][14]

Constantin Cândea in the chemistry laboratory of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara

During the first academic year of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara, established following Royal Decree No. 4822 of November 11, 1920, issued by King Ferdinand I, Professor Constantin Cândea founded the chemistry laboratory, while Professor Constantin Stăncescu established the physics laboratory.

As part of his work at the Polytechnic School of Timișoara, during the 1922–1923 academic year, Constantin Cândea also established and directed an official Laboratory for Industrial Research, Studies and Analyses, separate from the teaching laboratories.[15] The laboratory was intended to conduct applied research, technical-scientific studies, and chemical and chemical-engineering analyses for industry.

Organized into several industrial sections (inorganic industry, metallurgy, organic industry, fuels, and general expertise), the laboratory carried out analyses of industrial raw materials, fuels, oils, fats, metals, water, and chemical products, as well as studies with direct industrial applications. Constantin Cândea served as its director, working alongside specialists such as Er. Toporescu, Cerchez Manughevici, C. Ștefănescu, and other academic and technical staff members.

As part of his teaching activity, Constantin Cândea authored several university textbooks used as study materials at the Polytechnic School of Timișoara.

  • 1928 – Course of Inorganic Chemistry: First Year, Polytechnic School of Timișoara[16]
  • 1928 – Course of Organic Chemistry: First Year, Polytechnic School of Timișoara[17]
  • 1929 – Course of Organic Chemistry II: Aromatic Series, Polytechnic School of Timișoara[18]
  • 1929 – Course of Petroleum Chemistry, Physics and Technology: Second Year, Polytechnic School of Timișoara[19]

Throughout his academic career, Constantin Cândea regularly participated in international chemistry congresses, where he annually presented papers on the results of his research in organic and industrial chemistry in The Hague, Liège, Brussels, Prague, Paris, Madrid, Sardinia, Rome, and Nancy.

An important part of his scientific and educational work is today preserved in the collections of the Romanian Academy Library, where it is consulted as a reference source for the history of Romanian chemistry.[20]

As Director of the Institute of Chemistry of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara, Constantin Cândea published numerous specialized studies in Romanian and foreign journals. Among these were "The Upgrading of Romanian Lignites", published in România Petroliferă, no. 393, May 31, 1943,[21] and "The Utilization of Methane Gas", published in the same journal, no. 394, July 5, 1943,[22] both reproduced in full by the publication.

On November 22, 1934, following elections for the leadership of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara, Constantin Cândea was elected President of the Council of Deans.[23]

Beginning in 1942, Professor Constantin Cândea served as Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara, playing an important role in organizing the faculty's academic and administrative activities.[24]

Subsequently, between 1946 and 1947, he served as rector of the Politehnica University of Timișoara—then known as the Polytechnic School of Timișoara.[6]

Technical and Industrial Expertise

Runcu–Scorțeni Investigation

In September 1929, Constantin Cândea participated as a petroleum-industry technical expert in the investigation of a major industrial accident that occurred at Well No. 4 "Romolea" of the Foraky Românească Company[25] in the Runcu–Scorțeni oil field area of Prahova County.[26][27]

The explosion occurred during intervention works on the extraction installation and resulted in fatalities, numerous serious injuries, and extensive material damage.

The investigation sought to determine the technical causes of the violent eruption of crude oil and gas, analyze the interventions carried out on the jammed well piston, and assess compliance with technical and safety regulations governing petroleum operations. The inquiry also examined the risks posed by accumulations of flammable gases and the procedures used during pressure-release operations in the well column.

Dr. Eng. Constantin Cândea's participation in this investigation reflected recognition of his scientific and technical expertise in petrochemistry and industrial safety. He was appointed by the Ministry of Labour to identify the causes of the accident, clarify responsibilities, and formulate recommendations aimed at preventing similar accidents in Romania's petroleum-producing regions.

Patents

During his scientific and applied research career, Professor Constantin Cândea held several patents in the fields of industrial chemistry and hydrocarbon use, including:

  • 1932: Constantin Cândea, as principal inventor together with J. Kühn, obtained Patent No. 20787/1932, entitled "Process for the Decomposition of Hydrocarbons into Carbon and Hydrogen". The patent was granted by Royal Decree No. 924 of 1932, published in the Official Gazette, Part I, No. 148 of June 27, 1932.[28] In the subsequent detailed publication in the Official Gazette, Part I, No. 151 of June 30, 1932, the other co-applicants and economic holders of the patent are also listed, namely Maria Cassale-Sacchi[29] and the company Cesag A.G., in accordance with the patent's administrative file.[30]
  • 1934: Constantin Cândea, as principal inventor together with Ilie G. Murgulescu and J. Kühn, obtained Romanian Royal Patent No. 23259/1934, entitled "Conversion of Methane by Metallic Chlorides". The patent is mentioned in the Official Gazette, Part I, No. 118 of May 28, 1945, in the context of the publication of the Ministry of National Education report concerning the transformation of the chemistry lectureship at the Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara into a chair of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, and the appointment of Ilie G. Murgulescu as full professor.[31]

Political Activity

In June 1939, Constantin Cândea ran as an independent candidate and was elected a deputy to the Chamber of Deputies, representing the category of "Intellectual Professions" in the Timiș electoral district, in his capacity as an academic and technical personality. He served on the Committee for National Education, Religious Affairs, and Arts.[32] His mandate ended in September 1940 with the dissolution of Parliament.[33]

On June 23, 1939, as part of his parliamentary activity, Professor Cândea delivered a speech before the Chamber of Deputies in which he addressed the role of higher technical education, scientific research, and industry in economic development and the strengthening of national defense. He put forward concrete proposals concerning the modernization and expansion of polytechnic schools, the establishment of scientific research institutes connected to national defense, the development of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara, support for university research, the specialization of young engineers, the creation of strategic industries, the use of natural resources, and the encouragement of private enterprise.[34]

Honors and awards

Throughout his career, Constantin Cândea was awarded the Order of the Crown of Romania in the rank of Officer and the Order of the Star of Romania in the rank of Knight,[1] in recognition of his contributions to the development of technical education and academic life during the interwar period. He also received the Commemorative Cross of the War of 1916–1918, a distinction attesting to his involvement in Romania's national efforts during World War I. In 1967 he was awarded the Order of Labor, 3rd class.[35]

Affiliations

Constantin Cândea at the Romanian Students' Society in Munich, 1908

During his university studies in Munich, Constantin Cândea became a member of the Romanian Students' Society Patria in Munich in 1907. In May 1911, he was elected president of the organization, founded in 1898, whose objectives included the intellectual and cultural development of its members in the spirit of Romanian national identity, as well as the promotion of artistic, scientific, and literary activities and collegial and social engagement.[36][37]

From February 1919, he became a member of the General Association of Engineers of Romania (AGIR).[38]

From 1920, he served as president of the Industrial Studies Circle of the University of Bucharest.[14][13]

Beginning in 1922, he served as honorary president of the Society of Students of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara; from 1923, he became a member of the Scientific Society of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara; and from 1925, he was part of the leadership of the Mining Students' Circle.[39]

Constantin Cândea among the congress attendees at the railway station in Timișoara, 1933

In 1929, Constantin Cândea was appointed president of the Timișoara branch of the newly established Chemical Society of Romania.[40] In this capacity, he coordinated the organization of the Fourth National Congress of Chemistry of Romania, held in Timișoara from May 21 to 24, 1933, serving as local chairman of the organizing committee. He led the branch until 1939, when the activities of the Chemical Society of Romania were suspended, resuming only in 1992.[41][42][43]

From October 1935, he was a member of the Polytechnic Society of Romania.[44]

He became a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy of Sciences on December 21, 1935, and a full member on December 20, 1936.[45][46]

Committees and Advisory Activities

Throughout his career, Constantin Cândea served on numerous committees and advisory bodies, contributing both to technical education and to industrial and national defense matters:

  • Council for Advanced Studies of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara (from 1930) – as a delegated member of the professors' council, he participated in organizing educational activities and evaluating professional development programs.[47]
  • board of directors of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara (from 1930) – as a delegated member of the professors' council, he contributed to the institution's administrative and technical-pedagogical coordination.[48]
  • Executive Committee of the Banat-Crișana Social Institute (from 1932) – member.[49]
  • Technical Assessor to the Labor Court of Timișoara (from 1933) – provided expert opinions on technical and administrative issues in the engineering field.[50]
  • Advisory Commission of the Ministry of Army Equipment (from 1939) – appointed member of a scientific advisory commission dealing with technical and scientific matters related to national defense.[51]
  • Supervisory Administrator of the Municipal Electric Plant of Jimbolia (from June 12, 1945) – exercised oversight and technical coordination responsibilities in the local energy sector.[52]
  • Honorary Technical Adviser to the Ministry of Mines and Petroleum (from 1945) – honorary technical adviser to the Minister's Office, responsible for matters relating to industries connected with the mining sector.[53]
  • Member of the board of directors of the National Institute for Technological Research (from November 27, 1945), an institution established under Law No. 516 of June 30, 1945, and placed under the authority of the Ministry of Mines and Petroleum.[54]

As a member and later chairman of university appointment committees, Constantin Cândea contributed to the promotion of Leon Sauciuc to the position of lecturer in Organic and Petroleum Chemistry at the Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara,[55] and of Ilie G. Murgulescu to the rank of full professor of Analytical and Physical Chemistry at the same faculty in 1945.[56]

In 1946, at Constantin Cândea's initiative, in his capacity as chairman of the baccalaureate examination committee of the "Carmen Sylva" High School of Timișoara and Rector of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara, the sum of 642,000 lei was deposited into an account of the Savings and Deposit Bank (C.E.C.) to assist the victims of the drought and famine of 1946–1947 in Moldavia.[57]

Works

Professor Constantin Cândea maintained a prolific scientific activity in the fields of organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and petrochemistry. His works addressed topics such as the hydrogenation of petroleum and petroleum residues, the cracking and oxidation of hydrocarbons, the synthesis of organic compounds, qualitative and volumetric analysis of chemical substances, and the reactions of methane gas with various compounds. His contributions were published in both Romanian and international specialized journals, demonstrating a remarkable thematic and practical diversity.

All of the works listed below, together with his doctoral dissertation and the university textbooks he authored, are preserved in the collections of the Romanian Academy Library.

Year Title (with English translation) Co-authors Journal / Venue ISSN Pages Field
1924Colorantul de dithymolizalină (Dithymolizaline Dye)–Buletinul Societății de Chimie din Timișoara––Organic chemistry / indicators
1932La décomposition thermique du gaz méthane de Sărmășel (Thermal Decomposition of Sărmășel Methane Gas)–XIIe Congrès de Chimie Industrielle, Paris––Inorganic chemistry / methane
1933Die Reduktion von Eisenerzen mit Naturgas (Reduction of Iron Ores with Natural Gas)–Rocznik Chemiczny (Polish Journal of Chemistry), vol. 13––Reduction reactions / metallurgy
1933Sur la constitution de la bis-cliéthyl-anilinisatine et du colorant vert obtenu par oxydation (On the Constitution of Bis-Cliethyl-Anilinisatine and the Green Dye Obtained by Oxidation)–Bulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara, tome 4, fasc. 3–4––Organic chemistry / dyes
1934Die Reduktion von Eisenoxyd mit Naturgas (Reduction of Iron Oxide with Natural Gas)–Bulletin de la Société de Chimie de Roumanie––Metallurgical reductions
1934Die Reduktion von Kupferoxyd und Zinndioxyd mit Naturgas (Reduction of Copper Oxide and Tin Dioxide with Natural Gas)–Petroleum, vol. 35––Metallurgy / reduction
1934Die Umsetzung von Methan und Petroleum-Kohlenwasserstoffen mit Wasserdampf (Reaction of Methane and Petroleum Hydrocarbons with Steam)–Bulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara, Band 5, Heft 2––Methane reforming
1934La décomposition thermique du gaz méthane de Sărmășel – Communication présentée au XVIe Congrès de Chimie Industrielle (Thermal Decomposition of Sărmășel Methane Gas – Paper Presented at the 16th Congress of Industrial Chemistry)–Chimie et Industrie, vol. 33, nr. 4––Industrial chemistry
1934Analitische Arbeitsmethoden (Analytical Working Methods)L. SauciucBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara––Analytical chemistry
1934Action du méthane sur le chlorure de sodium (Action of Methane on Sodium Chloride)I. G. MurgulescuXIVe Congrès de Chimie Industrielle, Paris––Methane reactivity / inorganic chemistry
1934Trennung der Metalle der Kupfergruppe (Separation of the Copper-Group Metals)[58]–Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry1618–2642 (Print) / 1618–2650 (Online)276–276Analytical chemistry / metallurgy
1934Zur Trennung der sauren Sulfide von den übrigen Gliedern des Schwefelwasserstoffniederschlags (On the Separation of Acid Sulfides from the Other Components of the Sulfide Precipitate)[59]–Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry0937-0633 (Print) / 1432-1130 (Online)118–118Analytical chemistry
1934Pour la séparation des sulfures acides des autres composés du précipité sulfuré (For the Separation of Acid Sulfides from the Other Components of the Sulfide Precipitate)[60]–Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry1618–2642 / 1618–2650118–118Analytical chemistry
1935Action du gaz méthane sur les chlorures de lithium et de potassium (Action of Methane Gas on Lithium and Potassium Chlorides)I. G. MurgulescuChimie et Industrie––Physical chemistry / inorganic chemistry
1935Hydrogenation du pétrole roumain (Hydrogenation of Romanian Petroleum)–XIVe Congrès de Chimie Industrielle de France––Hydrogenation
1935Beitrag zum Kracken eines rumänischen Petroleum bei Atmosphärendruck (Contribution to the Cracking of a Romanian Petroleum at Atmospheric Pressure)L. SauciucBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara––Petrochemistry / cracking
1935Die Wärmespaltung von rumänischem Petroleum aus Moreni (Thermal Decomposition of Romanian Petroleum from Moreni)C. ManugheviciBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara––Thermal degradation of petroleum
1935La catalyse du pétrole lampant de Moreni (Catalysis of Moreni Kerosene)J. Kühn, C. ManugheviciParis––Catalysis / petroleum products
1935Bromderivés de quinoléinhomoneurine (Brominated Derivatives of Quinoléinhomoneurine)E. Macovski, J. KühnAtti del V Congresso nazionale di chimica pura ed applicata, Sardegna––Brominated organic compounds
1935La decomposizione termica del petrolio rumeno di Moreni nei riguardi della formazione di etilene (Thermal Decomposition of Romanian Petroleum from Moreni with Respect to Ethylene Formation)C. ManugheviciAtti del V Congresso nazionale di chimica––Cracking / ethylene
1935Die konduktometrische Titration der Molybdate mit Silbernitrat (Conductometric Titration of Molybdates with Silver Nitrate)I. G. MurgulescuBulletin de la Société Chimique Roumaine, vol. XVII–103–110Analytical chemistry
1935Die konduktometrische Titration der Wolframate mit Silbernitrat (Conductometric Titration of Tungstates with Silver Nitrate)I. G. MurgulescuBulletin de la Société Chimique Roumaine, vol. XVII–223Analytical chemistry
1936Anreicherung der aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe in Benzin (Enrichment of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Gasoline)L. SauciucBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara––Aromatic hydrocarbons
1936Die thermische Spaltung von Benzin und Heizöl unter Berücksichtigung der Äthylen-Bildung (Thermal Decomposition of Gasoline and Fuel Oil, with Consideration of Ethylene Formation)C. ManugheviciBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara, tome 6, fasc. 3–4––Industrial chemistry / petrochemistry
1936Einfluss der hohen Temperaturen auf Krackgase, erhalten durch thermische Spaltung von rumänischem Petroleum (Moreni) (Influence of High Temperatures on Cracking Gases Obtained by Thermal Decomposition of Romanian Petroleum (Moreni))E. MacowskiBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara, tome 6, fasc. 3–4––Industrial chemistry / petrochemistry
1936Hydrogénation destructive des résidus du pétrole roumain de Moreni (Destructive Hydrogenation of Romanian Petroleum Residues from Moreni)A. MarschallChimie et Industrie––Hydrogenation / petroleum residues
1936Dosage volumétrique du plomb et des molybdates avec des indicateurs d’absorption (Volumetric Determination of Lead and Molybdates Using Adsorption Indicators)I. G. MurgulescuAnnales de chimie analytique––Analytical chemistry / titrimetry
1936Action du gaz méthan de Sărmășel sur le chlorure de lithium et de potassium (Action of Sărmășel Methane Gas on Lithium and Potassium Chloride)I. G. MurgulescuChimie et Industrie, vol. 36, nr. 5––Methane reactivity
1937Action du méthan sur le chlorure de strontium et de baryum (Action of Methane on Strontium and Barium Chlorides)I. G. MurgulescuChimie et Industrie, vol. 38, nr. 1––Inorganic chemistry / methane reactions
1937Blei (Lead)[61]–Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 110, nr. 51618–2642 / 1618–2650206–208Analytical chemistry
1937Hydrogenation du pétrole roumain (Hydrogenation of Romanian Petroleum)–IIe Congrès mondial du Pétrole, Paris––Hydrogenation
1937Hydrogenation du pétrole roumain (Hydrogenation of Romanian Petroleum)–Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Roumanie––Hydrogenation
1937Hydrogenation destructive de la paraffine (Destructive Hydrogenation of Paraffin)–Acad. des Sciences de Roumanie––Hydrogenation
1937Spalten schwerer Mineralöle bei Atmosphärendruck (Decomposition of Heavy Mineral Oils at Atmospheric Pressure)L. I. SauciucBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara, tome 7, fasc. 1–2––Industrial chemistry / petrochemistry
1937Über den Einfluss verschiedener Stoffe auf das Verhalten von Motortreibmittel bei der Oxydation (On the Influence of Various Substances on the Oxidation Behavior of Motor Fuels)N. CristoduloBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara, tome 7, fasc. 1–2––Industrial chemistry / fuels
1938Destruktive Hydrierung eines rumänischen Paraffins (Destructive Hydrogenation of a Romanian Paraffin)L. SauciucAtti del X Congresso Internazionale di Chimica––Hydrogenation / paraffins
1938Hydrogénation du pétrole roumain de Bucsani (Hydrogenation of Romanian Petroleum from Bucsani)J. KühnXVIIIe Congrès de Chimie Industrielle, Nancy––Petrochemistry / hydrogenation
1939Spalthydrierung von Petroleum (Hydrogenative Cracking of Petroleum)–Petroleum, nr. 43, 42––Hydrogenation / thermal degradation
1939Hidrogenarea țițeiului de Bucșani (Hydrogenation of Bucșani Crude Oil)–Petroleum––Petrochemistry
1939Destruktive Hydrierung eines rumänischen Paraffins (Destructive Hydrogenation of a Romanian Paraffin)–Petroleum Zeitschrift––Hydrogenation
1939Die Hydrierung von Erdöl aus Boldesti im rotierenden Autoklaven (Hydrogenation of Boldești Petroleum in a Rotating Autoclave)J. KühnPetroleum Zeitschrift––Hydrogenation technology
1939Qualitative Analyse (Qualitative Analysis)[62]–Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 108, nr. 91618–2642 / 1618–2650340–345Analytical chemistry
1939Brennstoffe, Kraftstoffe (Fuels and Motor Fuels)[63]–Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 118, nr. 51618–2642 / 1618–2650208–222Petrochemistry / fuels
1941Die Oxydation rumänischem Petroleums (Oxidation of Romanian Petroleum)C. Manughevici, N. CristoduloBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara––Petroleum oxidation
1941Hydrierung rumänischer Braunkohle; Die Oxydation von Petroleum; Die Kondensation der Oxybenzaldehyde mit Nitrofluoren (Hydrogenation of Romanian Lignite; Oxidation of Petroleum; Condensation of Oxybenzaldehydes with Nitrofluorene)–Institut des Sciences de Roumanie––Hydrogenation / oxidation / synthesis
1941Hydrierung rumänischer Braunkohle (Hydrogenation of Romanian Lignite)–Acad. des Sciences de Roumanie, Tome V, 1–2––Lignite hydrogenation
1941Hydrierungsversuche an rumänischer Braunkohle (Hydrogenation Experiments on Romanian Lignite)–Öl und Kohle, vol. 39, nr. 2––Hydrogenation
1942Druckhydrierung von Krackbenzin (Pressure Hydrogenation of Cracked Gasoline)–Institut des Sciences de Roumanie––High-pressure hydrogenation
1942Die Kondensation der Oxybenzaldehyde und Nitrobenzaldehyde cu 2.7-Dinitro-fluoren (Condensation of Oxybenzaldehydes and Nitrobenzaldehydes with 2,7-Dinitrofluorene)[64]–European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 75, nr. 121434–19482017–2018Organic synthesis
1942Gazul metan în legătură cu apărarea națională (Methane Gas in Relation to National Defense)–Buletinul Academiei de Științe din România, nr. 10––Energy strategy
1943Organische Stickstoffverbindungen (Organic Nitrogen Compounds)[65]–Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 125, nr. 11618–2642 / 1618–265048–57Organic chemistry
1943Die Umsetzung von Methan-Gas mit Zinkchlorid (Reaction of Methane Gas with Zinc Chloride)[66]I. G. MurgulescuAngewandte Chemie0044-8249 / 1521–3757247–248Methane reactivity / inorganic chemistry
1943Die Oxydation rumänischer Handelsbenzine (Oxidation of Romanian Commercial Gasolines)N. CristoduloBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara––Gasoline oxidation
1943Hydrierung von Erdölrückständen (Hydrogenation of Petroleum Residues)L. SauciucBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara––Hydrogenation of petroleum residues
1943Innobilarea ligniților românești (Upgrading of Romanian Lignites)–Buletinul Societății Politehnice din România, April 15, 1943––Lignite processing
1944Die Oxydation von Maisöl und Sonnenblumenöl (Oxidation of Corn Oil and Sunflower Oil)C. ManugheviciBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara––Oxidation of vegetable oils
1945Hidrogenarea cărbunilor de Doman din Banat (Hydrogenation of Doman Coals from Banat)Filofteia DobrescuBulletin Scientifique de l’École Polytechnique de Timișoara––Coal hydrogenation
1948Hidrogenarea petrolului (Hydrogenation of Petroleum)–Bulletin de Science et Technique de la Polytechnique de Timișoara, tome 13, fasc. 1–7 p.Petrochemistry / hydrogenation

References

  1. 1 2 Official Gazette No. 179 of August 17, 1924, Royal Decree No. 2326 of July 9, 1924, issued by King Ferdinand p.9443
  2. ↑ arcanum.com/ro/view/BuletinulOficial_1968_partea1_jan-jun/?query=c%C3%AEndea+gh+constantin&pg=30&layout=s Decree No. 1132 of December 25, 1967, Art. 10 Official Gazette of the R.S.R. Part I, No. 2, p. 13
  3. 1 2 (in Romanian) Celebration of the Centenary of the "George Bacovia" High School in Bacău Steagu Roșu, no. 4623, December 19, 1967, p. 3
  4. ↑ (in Romanian) Obituary, România liberă, no. 8200, March 6, 1971, p. 6
  5. ↑ (in German) Prof. Dr.-Ing habil. C. Cândea, Dr. I. G. Murgulescu Die Umsetzung von Methan-Gas mit Zinkchlorid Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 56, no. 35–36, pp. 247–248
  6. 1 2 (in Romanian) Coleta de Sabata, Ioan Munteanu, Remember: Professors of the "Politehnica" University of Timișoara, Timișoara: Helicon Publishing House, 1993, ISBN 973-9133-44-4, p. 4
  7. ↑ (in Romanian) Paul D. Popescu, "Women of Prahova Today, Yesterday and Long Ago – Maria Cândea"
  8. ↑ (in Romanian) The History of the Buildings Housing Prahova's Elite Schools. Today: the "Queen Marie" National Pedagogical College of Ploiești, Observatorul Prahovean, July 17, 2023, Luiza Toboc
  9. ↑ (in Romanian) Dictionary of Persons Buried in the Șerban Vodă – Bellu «Classic» Cemetery ISBN 978-606-9014-72-1, Vatra Veche Publishing House, 2024
  10. ↑ (in Romanian) Structure of the Faculty of Sciences – 1914, Museum of the University of Bucharest
  11. ↑ (in Romanian) Male Staff of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Bucharest between 1892 and 1943 Museum of the University of Bucharest
  12. ↑ (in Romanian) Teaching Staff Yearbook of the First Academic Year 1920–1921 of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara. Cartea Românească, Timișoara, 1921, p. 18
  13. 1 2 (in Romanian) News, Viitorul, no. 3810, November 28, 1920, p. 2
  14. 1 2 (in Romanian) News, Lupta, no. 2, December 17, 1921, p. 2
  15. ↑ (in Romanian) Establishment of the Laboratory for Industrial Research, Studies and Analyses by Professor Constantin Cândea
  16. ↑ (in Romanian) Course of Inorganic Chemistry: First Year
  17. ↑ (in Romanian) Course of Organic Chemistry: First Year
  18. ↑ (in Romanian) Course of Organic Chemistry II: Aromatic Series
  19. ↑ (in Romanian) Course of Petroleum Chemistry, Physics and Technology: Second Year
  20. ↑ (in Romanian) Works of Professor Constantin Cândea in the Collections of the Romanian Academy Library
  21. ↑ (in Romanian) Prof. Dr. Eng. Constantin Cândea The Upgrading of Romanian Lignites România Petroliferă, no. 393, May 31, 1943, pp. 1–3
  22. ↑ (in Romanian) Prof. Dr. Eng. Constantin Cândea The Utilization of Methane Gas România Petroliferă, no. 394, July 5, 1943, pp. 1, 3–4
  23. ↑ (in Romanian) Election of the Deans of the Polytechnic School of Timișoara Dimineața, no. 10024, November 23, 1934
  24. ↑ (in Romanian) Ministerial Decision No. 200565 of 1942 Official Gazette, Part I, no. 233, October 6, 1942, p. 23
  25. ↑ (in Romanian) History of the Foraky Românească Petroleum Company, 1922–1942 Argeș County Museum, ARGESIS: Studies and Communications, History Series, Vol. XXII, 2013
  26. ↑ (in Romanian) A New Disaster in the Prahova Oil Region. The Terrible Explosion at the Runcu–Scorțeni Site Dimineața, no. 8166, September 11, 1929, p. 9
  27. ↑ (in Romanian) The Disaster at the "Romolea" Well Cuvântul, no. 1579, September 13, 1929, p. 3
  28. ↑ (in Romanian) Official Gazette (Part I), No. 148, 27 June 1932 p. 4
  29. ↑ (in Italian) Alessio Facciolo, Maria Sacchi, a Pioneer of Chemistry L'Araldo Lomellino, March 7, 2025
  30. ↑ (in Romanian) Official Gazette (Part I), No. 151, 30 June 1932 p. 73
  31. ↑ (in Romanian) Official Gazette (Part I), No. 118, 28 May 1945
  32. ↑ (in Romanian) Chamber of Deputies, Session of Thursday, 22 June 1939 Official Gazette, No. 5, June 28, 1939, p. 56
  33. ↑ (in Romanian) Official Gazette (Part I), No. 128 bis, 6 June 1939
  34. ↑ (in Romanian) Chamber of Deputies, Session of Friday, 23 June 1939 Official Gazette, No. 5, June 28, 1939, p. 78
  35. ↑ "Decretul nr. 1132/1967 privind conferirea unor ordine și medalii (Decree No. 1132/1967 on the Awarding of Orders and Medals)". lege5.ro (in Romanian). Monitorul Oficial. January 6, 1968.
  36. ↑ (in Romanian) News Universul, No. 119, May 4, 1911, p. 2
  37. ↑ (in Romanian) Șerban, Assembly of the Romanian Students' Society "Patria" Universul, No. 83, March 25, 1908, p. 1
  38. ↑ (in Romanian) Bulletin of the General Association of Engineers of Romania: AGIR Bulletin, 1923
  39. ↑ (in Romanian) Polytechnic School of Timișoara – Yearbook "Cartea Românească" Graphic Arts Institute, Timișoara Branch, 1922–1937
  40. ↑ (in Romanian) From the "Chemical Society of Romania" Universul, No. 239, October 16, 1929, p. 2
  41. ↑ (in Romanian) Polytechnic School of Timișoara – Yearbook "Cartea Românească" Graphic Arts Institute, Timișoara Branch, 1933–1937, p. 123
  42. ↑ (in Romanian) Congress of Graduate Engineers of the Banat Polytechnic University Dimineața, October 1937
  43. ↑ (in Romanian) History of the Chemical Society of Romania
  44. ↑ (in Romanian) Bulletin of the Polytechnic Society of Romania October 1, 1945, p. 49
  45. ↑ (in Romanian) Ioan Scurtu, Corneliu Mihail Lungu, History of the Romanian Academy of Sciences (1935–1948), Volume I, Bucharest, Publishing House of the Academy of Romanian Scientists, 2013, pp. 51, 133, 189
  46. ↑ (in Romanian) Vasile Cândea, Mircea Degeratu, Doru Sabin Delion, Romanian Academy of Sciences: 1935–2015 – Anniversary Album, Bucharest, RAO Distribuție Publishing House, 2016, ISBN 978-606-8516-10-3, pp. 103, 105
  47. ↑ (in Romanian) Polytechnic School of Timișoara – Yearbook 1930–1933, p. 37
  48. ↑ (in Romanian) Polytechnic School of Timișoara – Yearbook 1930–1933, p. 49
  49. ↑ (in Romanian) General Assembly of the Banat-Crișana Social Institute. Election of the New Executive Committee Vestul, No. 2209, July 14, 1938, p. 4
  50. ↑ (in Romanian) The Assessors of the Labor Courts of Timișoara Dimineața, No. 9579, August 29, 1933, p. 4
  51. ↑ (in Romanian) Ministerial Decision No. 17 of 25 May 1939 Official Gazette, No. 122, May 30, 1939, p. 15
  52. ↑ (in Romanian) Ministry of Mines and Petroleum. Ministerial Decision No. 12066 of 12 June 1945 Official Gazette, No. 158, July 16, 1945, p. 40
  53. ↑ (in Romanian) Ministerial Decision No. 18878 of 30 August 1945 Official Gazette, Part I, No. 199, September 3, 1945, p. 18
  54. ↑ (in Romanian) Council of Ministers Journals. Ministry of Mines and Petroleum Official Gazette, No. 274, November 29, 1945, p. 2
  55. ↑ (in Romanian) Official Gazette No. 232, 5 October 1942, pp. 24–25
  56. ↑ (in Romanian) Official Gazette No. 118, 28 May 1945, pp. 35–39
  57. ↑ (in Romanian) News Viața Bănățeană, No. 156, October 11, 1946, p. 2
  58. ↑ Separation of the Copper-Group Metals (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 96, no. 7, ISSN 1618-2642 (Print), 1618–2650 (Online), pp. 276–276, 1934)
  59. ↑ Separation of Acid Sulfides from the Other Components of the Sulfide Precipitate (Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, vol. 97, no. 3, ISSN 0937-0633 (Print), 1432-1130 (Online), p. 118, 1934)
  60. ↑ Separation of Acid Sulfides from the Other Components of the Sulfide Precipitate (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 97, no. 3–4, p. 118, 1934)
  61. ↑ Lead (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 110, no. 5, pp. 206–208, 1937)
  62. ↑ Qualitative Analysis (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 108, no. 9, pp. 340–345, 1939)
  63. ↑ Fuels and Motor Fuels (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 118, no. 5, pp. 208–222, 1939)
  64. ↑ Condensation of Oxybenzaldehydes and Nitrobenzaldehydes with 2,7-Dinitrofluorene (European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 75, no. 12, ISSN 1434-1948 (Print), 1099-0682 (Online), pp. 2017–2018, 1942)
  65. ↑ Organic Nitrogen Compounds (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 48–57, 1943)
  66. ↑ Reaction of Methane Gas with Zinc Chloride (Angewandte Chemie, vol. 56, no. 35–36, ISSN 0044-8249 (Print), 1521–3757 (Online), pp. 247–248, 1943)
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