Clianthus puniceus

Clianthus puniceus
Nationally Critical
Nationally Critical (NZ TCS)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Embryophytes
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Clianthus
Species:
C. puniceus
Binomial name
Clianthus puniceus
     It was endemic to the North Island of New Zealand, but is now extinct in the wild[1]
Synonyms[4]
  • Donia punicea G.Don

Clianthus puniceus, also known as kaka beak or Kōwhai Ngutu-kākā in Māori,[5] is a species of flowering plant in the genus Clianthus of the legume family Fabaceae that was endemic to New Zealand's North Island[4] but has become extinct in the wild.[1]

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Clianthus puniceus is an evergreen shrub[6] which can grow up to 3 meters tall, but generally grows to around 2 m (6 ft 7 in) with spreading branches producing leaf stalks up to 15 cm (6 in) long bearing 10–15 pairs of oblong leaflets. The leaves of are matte, due to its cuticle having a dense reticulum of buttressed ridges on the adaxial surface.[7]

Generative characteristics

Clianthus puniceus plant with fruits
The heart-shaped seed of Clianthus puniceus

The axillary, pendent,[8] racemose inflorescence bears red, white,[9] cream,[8] or pink, 6–8 cm long flowers[9] that resemble beaks of the Kākā.[8] The calyx is 5-toothed.[10] The corolla consists of an upright petal, two lateral wing petals, and a downward keel petal.[11] Clianthus puniceus are perfect flowers with a superior ovary and 10 stamens.[9] The smooth,[10] pendent, coriaceous, 5–9 cm long, and 0.8–2.2 cm wide fruits[8] are formed from a single carpel and have three distinctive tissue layers: the endocarp, mesocarp, and exocarp.[12] The fruit has a distinctive, very thick, up to 36-layered mesocarp and distinctive, 0.86 mm long fibres that are aligned with the longitudinal axis of the fruit.[12]

Cytology

The chromosome count is 2n = 32.[13]

Taxonomy

It was first described as Donia punicea G.Don by George Don in 1832.[10][14] It was moved to the genus Clianthus Sol. ex Lindl. as Clianthus puniceus (G.Don) Sol. ex Lindl. by John Lindley in 1835 based on previous work by Daniel Solander.[15]

Etymology

The specific epithet puniceus refers to the reddish-purple colour of the flowers.[16]

Reproduction

It usually flowers from spring through to early summer, but can flower twice a year or even year round, and the amount of flowering vary each year.[17][9]

The species has a cuticle that covers its stigma from early bud until flower for protection, and inhibits pollination when intact. Pollination can only occur with the rupture of the cuticle, which occurs naturally at flower senescence. However, it does rupture frequently prior to senescence.[6] The cuticle is beneficial as it protects against as self-pollination and increases the changes of cross- pollination.[11] However, even though a cross-pollination system is present, the observed small gene pool suggests that self-pollination occurs most often and is prevalent. This inbreeding could cause issues regarding localized bottlenecks as it's occurring in small populations.[11]

When the time comes for self-pollination, the anthers dehisce, and the pollen naturally moves towards the stigma at the top of the keel. This gravitation is due to the pendulous nature of the flower.[11]

It has been found that C. puniceus is mainly bird-pollinated. Even though the flowers don't have much scent for attraction, they contain nectar which attracts many birds such as tūī, korimako, and kākā.[9]

Seed dispersal and dormancy

The seeds of C. puniceus are kidney-shaped with a mean weight of 0.016 g. Their hard seed coats protect the seeds as they are initially dispersed by gravity, either falling from the pods or still strongly attached to the pods by a mat of dense white hairs. Both the seeds and the pods will float in water, where secondary dispersal can occur. Wind also may disperse the seed, helped in part due to the pod's fiat, sail-like shape when dry.[18]

Indirect evidence suggests that seeds can remain viable in soil for at least 29 years, but this evidence in inconclusive.[18]

In natural populations, seedlings mostly occurred on steep banks or cliffs, directly beneath the flora and fauna of already established plants. Due to these steep locations, it is possible that dispersal by gravity could occur to place seedlings in unoccupied habitat; despite this, seedling mortality was high.[18]

C. puniceus has been in decline over the past century; however, this is not attributed to the absence of viable seed, as seed production in the wild can be quite high.[18]

Distribution and habitat

Populations of Clianthus puniceus in the wild are rare and are only composed of a few plants. They can be found on cliffs, bluffs, or margins of bodies of water.[9]

Pests and parasites

Liriomyza clianthi

C. puniceus plays host to the endemic leaf mining fly Liriomyza clianth.[19]

Secondly, C. puniceus is also a host to Epiphyas postvittana, which is also known as the light brown apple moth.[20] It is native to Australia and was distributed to New Zealand in the 1800s. The moth has the ability to damage the host, and have a negative environmental impact outside of its native area.[20]

Conservation

The distribution of the species in the wild was limited to North Island of New Zealand, but the species is currently listed as extinct in the wild by the IUCN.[9][1] The last wild plants were extirpated around 2015, and no specimens were found in subsequent surveys.[1] Causes of extinction in the wild included general loss of habitat, competition for space and establishment, as well as introduced herbivores who feed on them.[9][1] The specific effect of humans on the population of C. puniceus should also be noted. Through seed collection, destruction of habitat, as well as introduction of invasive species, humans have contributed to the decline of the population. However, not all contributions are recognized as negative as lots of cultivation, propagation, and building of new habitats by humans have helped the survival of the species so far.[9] It is cultivated in numerous ex-situ collections in botanic gardens,[21] and until the 1990s, it used to be common in cultivation in private gardens.[13] Most of the plants sold by nurseries as Clianthus puniceus are misidentified and belong to the species Clianthus magnificus. Genuine Clianthus puniceus plants are rarely seen in cultivation or for sale.[1]

Cultivation

Clianthus puniceus is widely cultivated today, and is interestingly one of the "first endemic plants to be grown in cultivation both in New Zealand and overseas".[9] Due to the plant's striking flowers and form, seeds were sent from the gardens of Europeans in New Zealand overseas and to various parts of the world including California and England. Today, the plant is still cultivated in various parts of Europe.[9]

Even though in New Zealand C.puniceus was previously widely grown as a garden plant, it has generally been replaced by the more robust Clianthus maximus.[13] However, it is cultivated in the UK, where it has given rise to several cultivars. Both the species[22] and the cultivar 'Roseus'[23] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).[24]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 de Lange, P. (2025). "Clianthus puniceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T272625865A47608529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-1.RLTS.T272625865A47608529.en.
  2. ↑ P. J. de Lange; D. A. Norton; S. P. Courtney; P. B. Heenan; J. W. Barkla; E. K. Cameron; R. Hitchmough; A. J. Townsend (2009). "Threatened and uncommon plants of New Zealand (2008 revision)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 47 (1): 61–96. Bibcode:2009NZJB...47...61D. doi:10.1080/00288250909509794. S2CID 85437006.
  3. ↑ Entry in New Zealand Plants database, Landcare Research. Retrieved 7 April 2006.
  4. 1 2 "Clianthus puniceus (G.Don) Sol. ex Lindl". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
  5. ↑ Orwin, J. (2009, March 1). Shrubs and small trees of the forest – Kōwhai and kākā beak, Te Ara. The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved June 6, 2026, from https://teara.govt.nz/en/shrubs-and-small-trees-of-the-forest/page-9
  6. 1 2 Newstrom, Linda; Robertson, Alastair (January 2005). "Progress in understanding pollination systems in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 43 (1): 1–59. Bibcode:2005NZJB...43....1N. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2005.9512943. ISSN 0028-825X. S2CID 83798157.
  7. ↑ Heenan, P. B. (September 2000). "Clianthus (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: A reappraisal of Colenso's taxonomy". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 38 (3): 361–371. Bibcode:2000NZJB...38..361H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2000.9512688. ISSN 0028-825X.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Wagner, H., & Wegner, H. (2023). Papageienschnabel - Neuseeländische Krebsschere: Clianthus puniceus. Gesellschaft Der Staudenfreunde (GdS). Retrieved June 6, 2026, from https://www.ddfgg.de/kuebelpflanzen/archiv_ausgabe.php?num=117
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Shaw, W. B.; Burns, B. R. (1 September 1997). "The ecology and conservation of the endangered endemic shrub, Kōwhai Ngutukākā Clianthus puniceus in New Zealand". Biological Conservation. 81 (3): 233–245. Bibcode:1997BCons..81..233S. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00133-4. ISSN 0006-3207.
  10. 1 2 3 Don, George. (1832). A general history of the dichlamydeous plants, comprising complete descriptions of the different orders; together with the characters of the genera and species, and an enumeration of the cultivated varieties: their places of growth, time of flowering, mode of culture, and uses in medicine and domestic economy; the scientific names accentuated, their etymologies explained, and the classes and orders illustrated by engravings, and preceded by introductions to the linnean and natural systems, and a glossary of the terms used: the whole arranged according to the natural system. (Vol. 2, p. 468). J.G. and F. Rivington.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Heenan, P. B. (1998). "The pollination system and stigmatic cuticle of Clianthus puniceus (Fabaceae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 36 (2) (published 2010): 311–314. Bibcode:1998NZJB...36..311H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1998.9512571 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
  12. 1 2 Heenan, P. B. (1997). "Fruit anatomy of Clianthus puniceus and Swainsona novae-zelandiae (Fabaceae—Galegeae)". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 35 (1): 119–123. Bibcode:1997NZJB...35..119H. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1997.10410674. ISSN 0028-825X.
  13. 1 2 3 "Clianthus puniceus". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. 13 November 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  14. ↑ Donia punicea G.Don. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved June 6, 2026, from https://www.ipni.org/n/493325-1
  15. ↑ Clianthus puniceus (G.Don) Sol. ex Lindl. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved June 6, 2026, from https://www.ipni.org/n/486457-1
  16. ↑ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-84533-731-5.
  17. ↑ "Kakabeak", pp. 168-169 in Gerard Hutching's The Natural World of New Zealand, Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, 1998. ISBN 0-670-87782-4
  18. 1 2 3 4 Park, M. J.; Mcgill, C. R.; Williams, W. M.; Mackay, B. R. (2008). "Seed desiccation tolerance and dormancy of three endangered New Zealand species: Carmichaelia williamsii, Clianthus puniceus and Hibiscus diversifolius". NZGA: Research and Practice Series. 14: 13–21. doi:10.33584/rps.14.2008.3185. ISSN 2463-4751.
  19. ↑ "Liriomyza clianthi (Watt, 1923)". plant-synz.landcareresearch.co.nz. 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  20. 1 2 Suckling, D. (2022). "Epiphyas postvittana (light brown apple moth)". CABI Compendium. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.54204. S2CID 253604035.
  21. ↑ Botanic Gardens Conservation International. (n.d.). Clianthus puniceus (G.Don) Sol. ex Lindl. BGCI PlantSearch. Retrieved June 6, 2026, from https://plantsearch.bgci.org/taxon/9954
  22. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Clianthus puniceus". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  23. ↑ "RHS Plantfinder - Clianthus puniceus 'Roseus'". Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  24. ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
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