Center for Military Human Rights Korea

Center for Military Human Rights Korea
군인권센터
AbbreviationCMHRK
FormationSeptember 23, 2009 (2009-09-23)
FounderLim Tae-hoon
TypeNGO
Legal statusHuman rights organization
PurposeProtection and promotion of the human rights of military personnel in South Korea
Headquarters4F, 20, Sinchon-ro 14-gil, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Location
  • South Korea
Coordinates37°33′19″N 126°56′00″E / 37.5551950034624°N 126.933348363328°E / 37.5551950034624; 126.933348363328
Region served
South Korea
Members1,336 paying members (December 2021)
Official language
Korean
Director
Lim Tae-hoon
SubsidiariesSexual Assault Counseling Center
Websitemhrk.org
Korean name
Hangul
군인권센터
Hanja
軍人權센터
RRGun ingwon senteo
MRKun inkwŏn sent'ŏ

The Center for Military Human Rights Korea (CMHRK; Korean: 군인권센터) is a South Korean non-governmental organization based in Seoul. It monitors alleged rights violations in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces and provides counselling and other assistance to people affected by military service.[1][2] Human rights activist Lim Tae-hoon founded the organization in 2009.[3]

CMHRK has received national coverage for its work on the 2014 death of Army conscript Yoon Seung-ju, the Army's 2017 investigation of gay soldiers, allegations concerning enlisted orderlies assigned to General Park Chan-ju's residence, military planning documents prepared during the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye, and the discharge of transgender soldier Byun Hui-su.[4][5][6][7]

History and advocacy

Founding and early work

CMHRK's charter gives 23 September 2009 as its establishment date, while independent reports generally identify only the year.[8][3] According to its 2012 annual report, it registered with the Seoul Metropolitan Government as a non-profit civic organization on 11 September 2012.[9]

In 2012, CMHRK petitioned the National Assembly to dismiss the former commander of the Korea Army Training Center after three trainee deaths in 2011. Contemporary reporting identified the deaths as resulting from pneumonia, suicide and meningitis.[10] The organization also opposed the military prosecution of an Army captain for insulting a superior through social-media posts criticizing President Lee Myung-bak. The Supreme Court of Korea later upheld the captain's conviction.[11][12]

In April 2012, CMHRK submitted information on military rights to the second-cycle Universal Periodic Review of South Korea. The submission is listed by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.[13] According to its annual report, CMHRK also visited the Bangkok office of FORUM-ASIA in November 2012 and surveyed 305 soldiers on leave.[14]

CMHRK's 2013–2016 report dates the reorganization of its counselling service under the name Armycall to January 2013.[15] News reports in 2014 described CMHRK as preparing a larger civilian hotline with funding from the National Human Rights Commission of Korea, with a formal expansion planned for early 2015.[16] In June 2013, CMHRK publicized the case of an Army corporal whose brain tumour was diagnosed only after a civilian examination and said it would petition the National Human Rights Commission over his access to medical care.[17]

Cases from 2014 to 2019

In 2014, CMHRK released investigative records concerning the death of Private Yoon Seung-ju, who had been assaulted by other soldiers. Yonhap described CMHRK as the first organization to publicize the case, while also reporting a dispute between CMHRK and the Ministry of National Defense over the cause of death and the organization's allegation that the investigation had been curtailed.[4] CMHRK called for murder charges. Military prosecutors later amended the indictment to add a murder charge.[18]

In December 2015, CMHRK alleged that three Air Force non-commissioned officers had assaulted and sexually abused a colleague and asked the military to reopen its investigation.[19] In 2016, a medication error at the Armed Forces Cheongpyeong Hospital left a soldier's arm paralysed. CMHRK publicized the case and called for changes to the military medical system.[20]

In April 2017, CMHRK alleged that Army investigators had used an inquiry into a video involving two male soldiers to identify and prosecute other gay service members. The organization said investigators had pressured soldiers to identify partners, examined mobile phones and used dating applications. The Army said it was conducting a lawful investigation and denied that it was carrying out a broader campaign against gay soldiers.[5] Later that year, CMHRK publicized former orderlies' accounts alleging that General Park Chan-ju and his wife had mistreated enlisted personnel assigned to their residence. A Ministry of National Defense audit found support for several allegations, and the ministry announced that military orderlies at official residences would be replaced by civilian employees.[21][1] Allegations concerning the treatment of the orderlies were not the basis of Park's later bribery indictment, and the abuse-related case ended without prosecution.[22]

In July 2018, after a ruling-party lawmaker disclosed an initial Defense Security Command document describing possible troop deployments during the impeachment of Park Geun-hye, CMHRK released related planning material and filed complaints against two former commanders. President Moon Jae-in ordered an investigation, and a joint military and civilian prosecution team began work later that month.[6][23] In October 2019, CMHRK released a longer document that it described as the original version. Yonhap reported the organization's account of the document, including a reference to the National Security Council.[24]

In May 2019, CMHRK established a specialized counselling centre for people affected by sexual violence connected with the military.[25] CMHRK's report gives 14 May as the registration date and states that the organizing campaign involved 197 donors.[26]

Activities since 2020

In January 2020, Byun Hui-su announced at a news conference held at CMHRK that she would challenge the Army's decision to discharge her following gender-affirming surgery. Lim said that CMHRK would support her challenge.[27] Byun died in 2021 while the case was pending. In October 2021, the Daejeon District Court ruled that the discharge should be annulled.[7] Between 2020 and 2022, CMHRK also operated a support programme that included trauma counselling and legal and medical assistance for victims of military abuse and bereaved families.[28]

After the 2021 death of Air Force Master Sergeant Lee Ye-ram, CMHRK raised allegations of interference in the investigation of the sexual assault she had reported. In November 2021, the organization released an audio file supplied by a former military lawyer as evidence for its allegations. A special-counsel investigation later found that the file had been fabricated using text-to-speech software. The informant's two-year prison sentence for evidence fabrication and related offences became final in 2023. Reports said that CMHRK had used the file without knowing that it was fabricated.[29]

Following the July 2023 death of Marine Corporal Chae Su-geun during a flood-search operation, CMHRK published messages and testimony from the unit and alleged that commanders had ordered searches without adequate safety measures.[30] The organization counselled a surviving Marine and supported complaints filed by the survivor and his mother.[31] In April 2024, CMHRK alleged that lobbying may have influenced the handling of the investigation.[32]

In 2024, CMHRK assisted the family of Army trainee Park Tae-in and released a recording of a conversation in which the company commander appeared to minimize the punitive training imposed before Park's death. The commander and a deputy commander had by then been indicted on charges including causing death through abuse.[33] CMHRK and the mother of Private Hong Jeong-gi also campaigned for an amendment allowing bereaved military families to seek compensation for their own emotional harm. The National Assembly passed an amendment with that effect in December 2024.[34][35]

After President Yoon Suk Yeol's declaration of martial law on 3 December 2024, CMHRK filed a complaint with the Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials against Yoon and 26 other people. It alleged insurrection and abuse of authority.[36] CMHRK later publicized reports that some deployed soldiers had been confined to their bases and had their phones collected. The military denied that allegation.[37] A Seoul court also stayed a police ban on a CMHRK rally near the presidential residence.[38]

In February 2025, CMHRK hosted a news conference at which the Korean Solidarity of Civilian Military Employees (KSCME), a nationwide advocacy group for civilian employees of the South Korean military, announced its formation.[39] In April 2026, CMHRK held a news conference alleging that military prosecutors had brought retaliatory charges against a civilian military employee who represented KSCME.[40] Separately, CMHRK and other advocates applied in 2024 to establish the Byun Hui-su Foundation. The National Human Rights Commission approved the foundation in March 2026 after a court ruled that the prolonged failure to decide the application was unlawful.[41]

Organization and services

CMHRK operates Armycall, which accepts reports and provides counselling about alleged abuse, medical-care problems, disciplinary action and other issues connected with military service.[16] Its work also includes legal and administrative referrals, support for bereaved families, policy advocacy, education and submissions to international human-rights mechanisms.[8][13]

The affiliated Military Sexual Abuse Victim Support Center provides counselling and referrals for military personnel and civilians affected by sexual violence connected with service members. Its reported statistics are maintained separately from CMHRK's general-intake figures from 2022 onward.[42]

The United States Department of State's human-rights reports for 2021 and 2022 cited reports by CMHRK when describing instances of violence and cruel treatment in the South Korean military.[43][44] Amnesty International's 2017–18 report on South Korea cited CMHRK's account of the Army investigation of gay soldiers.[45]

CMHRK reports the number of regular donors in its annual publications. It recorded 866 at the end of 2018, 1,254 at the end of 2019, 1,242 at the end of 2020, 1,336 at the end of 2021 and 1,327 at the end of 2022.[46][47][48][49][50] These are historical donor counts, not a current membership figure.

Finances

CMHRK has received public project funding in some earlier years. For example, its reports mention a Seoul municipal grant for a 2013 education programme, and news coverage described National Human Rights Commission funding for Armycall preparation in 2014.[15][16] The organization's 2024 report, by contrast, recorded no government subsidy income for that year. It stated that general and designated donations accounted for 99.9 per cent of revenue.[51]

2024 finances as reported by CMHRK[51]
CategoryAmount (won)Share
Revenue
General donations561,947,06896.1%
Designated donations22,305,3363.8%
Non-operating income454,2670.1%
Total revenue584,706,671100.0%
Expenditure
General programme costs302,656,74362.0%
Psychological-care support8,632,6001.8%
Victim support27,248,0005.6%
Support for a surviving Marine1,875,1000.4%
Fundraising and communications30,405,6016.2%
Administration92,995,15919.1%
Non-operating expenses7,287,2101.5%
Transfer to the sexual-violence counselling centre16,800,0003.4%
Total expenditure487,900,413100.0%

Counselling statistics

CMHRK publishes annual intake figures, but the figures do not form a consistent time series. The covered channels and organizational scope changed. The 2011 figure includes only the online message board and excludes telephone, email and in-person contacts. The 2012 total uses a broader category of counselling requests. The 2015 report counts incidents rather than individual counselling sessions. From 2022, CMHRK separated general intake from the affiliated sexual-violence centre. The tables therefore reproduce the organization's reported figures without treating changes between years as changes in the incidence of military rights violations.[52][53][54][42]

CMHRK general counselling incidents by year
Year 201120122015201620172018201920202021202220232024
Reported incidents 41[52] 122[53] 567[54] 432[55] 1,036[56][55] 1,238[57][58] 1,669[59][60] 1,710[61][62] 1,708[63][64] 1,348[42][65] 1,260[65] 1,348[66]

The affiliated centre counts one counselling contact as one session. Its figures are therefore not counts of distinct incidents and are not comparable with the general table.[67] The 2019 figure covers the period after the centre opened; the report recorded 117 sessions but did not state the number of clients.[26]

Military Sexual Abuse Victim Support Center counselling sessions by year (clients in parentheses)
Year 201920202021202220232024
Sessions (clients) 117 (not reported)[26] 386 (127)[67] 866 (200)[67][65] 929 (154)[68][65] 961 (181)[65] 983 (186)[69]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Heo, Nam-seol (12 August 2017). "[정리뉴스] '공관병 갑질' 폭로하는 '군인권센터'가 파헤친 사건들" [Cases investigated by CMHRK, which exposed the abuse of residence orderlies]. The Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  2. ↑ de Guzman, Chad (2 September 2022). "Inside South Korea's Harsh Alternative to Conscription". Time. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  3. 1 2 "임태훈 군인권센터 소장 "야권 비례 위성정당 '국민후보' 지원"" [CMHRK director Lim Tae-hoon applies to become an opposition satellite party's public candidate]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 2 March 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  4. 1 2 Yoon, Bo-ram (7 August 2014). "'윤일병 사건', 군인권센터-국방부 진실공방" [CMHRK and Defense Ministry dispute facts in Private Yoon case]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  5. 1 2 Kim, Tong-hyung (20 April 2017). "After sex video, S. Korea accused of targeting gay soldiers". Associated Press. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  6. 1 2 Kim, Hyung-jin; Kim, Tong-hyung (10 July 2018). "South Korea to probe military plan to quell Park protests". Associated Press. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  7. 1 2 "Posthumous victory for S.Korean transgender soldier as court tells army to annul dismissal". Reuters. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  8. 1 2 "정관" [Articles of incorporation] (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  9. ↑ CMHRK Annual Report 2012 (Report). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 2013. p. 21. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  10. ↑ "군인권센터, 육군훈련소 전 소장 파면 청원" [CMHRK petitions for dismissal of former Korea Army Training Center commander]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 10 September 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  11. ↑ "대통령 비판 트위트 육군 대위 '상관모욕죄' 논란" [Controversy over Army captain charged with insulting a superior for tweets criticizing the president]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). 27 May 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  12. ↑ 대법원 2011도17551 (Supreme Court of Korea 26 September 2013), Text.
  13. 1 2 "UPR submissions: Republic of Korea, second cycle". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  14. ↑ CMHRK Annual Report 2012 (Report). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 2013. p. 17. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  15. 1 2 군인권센터 2013–2016 통합연례보고서 [CMHRK 2013–2016 consolidated annual report] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 21 December 2017. p. 58. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  16. 1 2 3 "군 인권 침해, '아미콜'로 전화 주세요" [For military rights violations, call Armycall]. The Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  17. ↑ "뇌종양에 두통약 처방받은 사병 숨져" [Soldier given headache medicine for brain tumour dies]. YTN (in Korean). 17 June 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  18. ↑ "윤 일병 가해병사 4명에 살인죄 적용" [Murder charge applied to four soldiers in Private Yoon case]. The Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 2 September 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  19. ↑ "군인권센터 "공군 부사관 간 폭행·추행…축소수사 의혹"" [CMHRK alleges assault and sexual abuse among Air Force NCOs and a curtailed investigation]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 16 December 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  20. ↑ "軍병원 의료사고…엉뚱한 약 주사해 병장 왼팔 마비" [Military hospital error leaves sergeant's left arm paralysed after wrong injection]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 16 August 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  21. ↑ "Ministry confirms abuse of military orderlies at general's residence". Yonhap News Agency. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  22. ↑ "'공관병 갑질' 박찬주 대장 처벌 못한다! 법이 이상한 건가?" [Why General Park could not be punished over the residence-orderly allegations]. MBC News (in Korean). 17 May 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  23. ↑ "Joint probe team launched over martial law document". Yonhap News Agency. 26 July 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  24. ↑ "군인권센터 "'기무사 계엄령 문건' 원본 입수…NSC 언급"" [CMHRK says it obtained original Defense Security Command martial-law document containing reference to NSC]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 21 October 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  25. ↑ "군인권센터, 군성폭력상담소 설립 추진위 출범" [CMHRK launches committee to establish military sexual violence counselling centre]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 29 May 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  26. 1 2 3 군인권센터 2019 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2019] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 8 July 2020. p. 42. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  27. ↑ Kim, Hyung-jin (22 January 2020). "S. Korean military decides to discharge transgender soldier". Associated Press. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  28. ↑ "군인권센터 "인권침해 사건 37건 실체 규명"" [CMHRK says support programme clarified 37 military-rights cases]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 15 December 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  29. ↑ Hwang, Yun-gi (27 September 2023). "'전익수 녹취록 조작' 변호사 징역 2년 확정" [Lawyer receives final two-year sentence for fabricating Jeon Ik-soo recording]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  30. ↑ "군인권센터 "'해병대 성과' 이미지위해 무리하다 채상병 순직"" [CMHRK alleges Marine died after commanders pursued an image of operational achievement]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 8 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  31. ↑ "'해병대 수색' 생존 병사, 전역 후 공수처에 1사단장 고소" [Surviving Marine files complaint against former division commander after discharge]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 25 October 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  32. ↑ "군인권센터 "'채상병 사건' 사단장 구명로비 의심" 추가 제기" [CMHRK raises further allegation of lobbying for division commander in Corporal Chae case]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 2 April 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  33. ↑ "'얼차려 사망' 중대장, 훈련병 유족에게 '선착순 안시켰다'" [Company commander in trainee death case told family that she had not ordered a race]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 24 July 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  34. ↑ "故홍정기 일병 모친 "국가배상법 고쳐야…여야대표 면담요청"" [Mother of Private Hong Jeong-gi calls for amendment of State Compensation Act]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 10 September 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  35. ↑ "'순직군인 유족, 위자료 청구가능' 국가배상법 개정안 국회 통과" [National Assembly passes amendment allowing bereaved military families to claim solatium]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 10 December 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  36. ↑ Lee, Ye-seul (9 December 2024). "군인권센터 "12·3 내란 끝나지 않아" 윤 대통령·군 수뇌부 등 27명 공수처 고발" [CMHRK files complaint against President Yoon, military leaders and others over 3 December martial law]. The Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  37. ↑ "군인권센터 "계엄 투입 병력 휴대전화 수거"…군은 부인" [CMHRK alleges phones were collected from troops deployed during martial law; military denies claim]. MBC News (in Korean). 17 December 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  38. ↑ "군인권센터 "내일 尹관저 앞 집회 개최…경찰 금지 효력정지"" [CMHRK says rally near presidential residence will proceed after court stays police ban]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 20 December 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  39. ↑ "군무원도 노동자다, 전국군무원연대 출범" [Nationwide civilian military employees' group launched]. Maeil Labor News (in Korean). 10 February 2025. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  40. ↑ "군인권센터 "처우개선 요구한 군무원, 군검찰이 보복성 기소"" [CMHRK alleges retaliatory prosecution of civilian military employee who sought better treatment]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 20 April 2026. Retrieved 24 August 2026.
  41. ↑ "'트랜스젠더 권익증진' 변희수재단 1년10개월 만에 설립 허가(종합)" [Byun Hui-su Foundation approved after 22 months]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). 5 March 2026. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  42. 1 2 3 군인권센터 2022 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2022] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 1 June 2023. p. 6. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  43. ↑ 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: South Korea (Report). United States Department of State. 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  44. ↑ 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: South Korea (Report). United States Department of State. 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  45. ↑ Amnesty International Report 2017/18: Republic of Korea (Report). Amnesty International. 22 February 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  46. ↑ 군인권센터 2018 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2018] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 20 May 2019. p. 41. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  47. ↑ 군인권센터 2019 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2019] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 8 July 2020. p. 40. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  48. ↑ CMHRK Annual Report 2020 (Report). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 10 May 2021. p. 45. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  49. ↑ 군인권센터 2021 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2021] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 25 May 2022. p. 37. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  50. ↑ 군인권센터 2022 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2022] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 1 June 2023. p. 36. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  51. 1 2 군인권센터·군성폭력상담소 2024 연례보고서 [CMHRK and Military Sexual Abuse Victim Support Center annual report 2024] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. July 2025. pp. 17–18. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  52. 1 2 군인권센터 2011 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2011] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 1 June 2012. p. 12. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  53. 1 2 CMHRK Annual Report 2012 (Report). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 2013. p. 24. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  54. 1 2 군인권센터 2013–2016 통합연례보고서 [CMHRK 2013–2016 consolidated annual report] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 21 December 2017. p. 28. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  55. 1 2 "군인권센터 "지난해 군 인권침해 상담건수 전년 대비 2배 증가"" [CMHRK says military-rights counselling more than doubled in 2017]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). 9 April 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  56. ↑ 군인권센터 2017 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2017] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 9 April 2018. p. 14. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  57. ↑ 군인권센터 2018 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2018] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 20 May 2019. p. 6. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  58. ↑ Kim, Tae-heon; Park, Ha-yan (16 May 2019). "군인권센터 "군대 성폭력 상담 1년새 43% 늘어"" [CMHRK says military sexual-violence counselling rose 43 per cent in one year]. No Cut News (in Korean). Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  59. ↑ 군인권센터 2019 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2019] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 8 July 2020. p. 12. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  60. ↑ Son, Ji-min (8 July 2020). "군인권센터 접수 사건 35% 증가, 성희롱·성폭력 사건 증가 두드러져" [Cases received by CMHRK rise 35 per cent, with increases in sexual-harassment and sexual-violence cases]. Seoul Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  61. ↑ CMHRK Annual Report 2020 (Report). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 10 May 2021. p. 11. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  62. ↑ Choi, Min-ji (10 May 2021). "코로나19 여파? 군인권센터 "지난해 군대 성폭력, 인권침해 모두 증가"" [CMHRK reports rises in military sexual violence and rights complaints during the COVID-19 pandemic]. The Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  63. ↑ 군인권센터 2021 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2021] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 25 May 2022. p. 11. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  64. ↑ Choi, Yeong-gwon (25 May 2022). "군인권센터 "사망·성추행 상담 건수 2배 늘어"" [CMHRK says counselling concerning deaths and sexual assault doubled]. Seoul Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 Jang, Bo-in (11 July 2024). "작년 군성폭력 피해 상담 181명…'하극상' 피해 83％ 여군" [Military sexual-violence counselling involved 181 victims in 2023]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  66. ↑ 군인권센터·군성폭력상담소 2024 연례보고서 [CMHRK and Military Sexual Abuse Victim Support Center annual report 2024] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. July 2025. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  67. 1 2 3 군인권센터 2021 연례보고서 [CMHRK annual report 2021] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 25 May 2022. p. 38. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  68. ↑ CMHRK Annual Report 2022 (Report). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. 1 June 2023. p. 35. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
  69. ↑ 군인권센터·군성폭력상담소 2024 연례보고서 [CMHRK and Military Sexual Abuse Victim Support Center annual report 2024] (Report) (in Korean). Center for Military Human Rights Korea. July 2025. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
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