Caving in the Balearic Islands

The 50m high chamber of Avenec de Son Pou on Mallorca, a Special Area of Conservation.

Caving in the Balearic Islands encompasses the recreational exploration, surveying and scientific study of caves, shafts and flooded cave systems in Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera, the Cabrera Archipelago and the smaller islands of the Balearic Islands, Spain. In the local Catalan terminology, a cave is generally called a cova, while a natural shaft or pothole is an avenc.

The caves of the archipelago include vadose shafts and stream caves in the mountain karst of the Serra de Tramuntana, inland phreatic systems, and extensive coastal caves formed in the Upper Miocene limestones of Mallorca, Menorca and Formentera. Many coastal systems are partly or almost entirely flooded by brackish groundwater and seawater.[1]

Documented cave exploration began in the early 19th century. Systematic speleology developed through expeditions by French and Catalan explorers, the establishment of local clubs after the 1950s, and a major period of cave surveying from the late 1960s onwards. Since the 1990s, cave diving has revealed extensive submerged passages, particularly in the coastal karst of eastern and southern Mallorca.[2] The Federació Balear d'Espeleologia states that more than 7,000 caves are included in its present inventory.[3] Most of the caves are relatively short, however around 40 exist over 300m in surveyed length with the Cova des Pas de Vallgornera the longest at around 78km.

History

Balearic speleology is divided into five periods: pre-speleology up to 1895; the period of the pioneers from 1896 to 1945; Catalan caving campaigns between 1945 and 1965; conventional Mallorcan speleology between 1966 and 1993; and the period dominated by cave diving from 1994 onwards.[2]

Early exploration and surveying

The 1862 plan of the Coves d'Artà by Pere d'Alcàntara Penya.

Among the earliest documented cave visitors was Antoni Cabrer, who entered the Coves d'Artà in 1807 and later published an account of the cave. Joaquim Maria Bover described Cova de Son Lluís in 1839, while Marià Conrado explored Avenc de Son Pou in 1865. Friedrich Will explored the Coves del Drac in 1880.[2]

The first known measured cave survey for the islands was Pere d'Alcàntara Penya's 1862 survey of the Coves d'Artà. Will later produced a plan of the Coves del Drac in 1880.[4]

Pioneer expeditions

The beginning of scientific speleology is generally associated with the visits of the French speleologist Édouard-Alfred Martel in 1896 and 1901. Martel explored the Coves del Drac using collapsible boats and documented previously unknown chambers and underground lakes. Further foreign expeditions included work by Jacques Maheu in 1911 and Robert de Joly in 1929.[2]

Cave exploration was closely linked to the study of natural history. The Romanian zoologist Emil Racoviță collected the subterranean isopod Typhlocirolana moraguesi in the Coves del Drac in 1904 during the early development of biospeleology. The British palaeontologist Dorothea Bate investigated caves on Mallorca, Menorca and the Pityusic Islands from 1909 onwards. Her cave excavations contributed to the scientific description of the extinct endemic bovid Myotragus balearicus.[2]

Catalan campaigns

Between the mid-1940s and the mid-1960s, cavers from Catalonia conducted a series of organised expeditions throughout the archipelago. Campaigns were undertaken on Mallorca in 1946, 1951, 1953 and 1960; Menorca in 1948 and 1954; Ibiza in 1952; Cabrera in 1959; and Formentera in 1962 and 1963. These expeditions produced descriptions, biological collections and nearly 50 cave surveys.[2]

The expeditions were principally associated with organisations such as the Grup d'Exploracions Subterrànies of the Club Muntanyenc Barcelonès. They helped introduce contemporary surveying methods and provided a basis for the later development of local speleological organisations.[2]

Development of local caving

The Equip Mallorquí d'Espeleologia was founded in 1955 within the Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears. It was the first specifically Mallorcan group devoted to spelaeology.[2]

A rapid expansion of organised caving began in the second half of the 1960s. Groups including the Grup Espeleològic EST, Speleo Club Mallorca, Grup Nord de Mallorca and the speleological section of the Grup Excursionista de Mallorca explored and surveyed caves throughout Mallorca. Clubs on the other islands included the Grup Espeleològic de les Pitiüses and later organisations on Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera.[2]

The period from 1966 to 1993 produced a large number of cave surveys. Cooperation between clubs, university researchers and naturalists also expanded the study of karst geomorphology, speleogenesis, palaeontology, archaeology and cave fauna.[2][4]

Cave diving

The first published underwater cave explorations in the Balearic Islands took place on Menorca in 1954 and 1955. On Mallorca, the first period of documented cave diving occurred between 1971 and 1977, when Catalan and Mallorcan divers made relatively short penetrations into flooded coastal caves and inland sumps.[2][5]

German and Czech expeditions explored Cova dets Estudiants between 1978 and 1987. Occasional Mallorcan dives followed between 1986 and 1992. British cave divers conducted repeated campaigns between 1988 and 1997, including expeditions by members of the Cwmbran Caving Club. Their work included Cova Genovesa, Cova des Pont, Cova des Coll, Cova dels Ases, Cova de sa Gleda, the Coves del Drac and Cova des Pas de Vallgornera.[5]

A continuous local cave-diving programme developed from 1994. Divers associated with Grup Nord de Mallorca and other Balearic organisations surveyed extensive drowned networks in the Migjorn and Llevant coastal karst. This work transformed estimates of the dimensions and complexity of several Mallorcan cave systems.[5]

Geology and Spelaeology

The distribution and form of Balearic caves are controlled by the geology and geomorphology of the individual islands. A typology published by Ginés & Ginés (2011) divides caves of the archipelago into four broad groups: vertical shafts in the vadose zone, vadose caves, phreatic caves, and littoral caves.[1]

Mallorca

Speleothems in the tourist section of the Coves del Drac.

Mallorca has the most caves of all the Balearic Islands. The Mesozoic limestones of the Serra de Tramuntana contain various phreatic and vadose systems. Examples include Avenc de Son Pou, Cova de sa Campana, Cova de Can Sion, Cova dets Estudiants and Font des Verger.[1]

The flatter Migjorn and Llevant regions of southern and eastern Mallorca consist largely of post-orogenic Upper Miocene reef and platform limestones. These contain extensive quaternary coastal phreatic systems, commonly arranged as networks of low passages, breakdown chambers and phreatic mazes. Many are intersected by the modern water table and have large submerged extensions. Their formation has been associated with dissolution in the freshwater–seawater mixing zone, meteoric recharge and, in some areas, ascending hypogene groundwater.[1][6]

Menorca

The main chamber of Cova des Coloms, Menorca

Southern Menorca is also formed mainly from Upper Miocene limestone dissected by Quaternary deep ravines. Its caves also include phreatic and littoral systems. Important examples include Cova des Coloms, Cova d'en Curt, Font de sa Vall[7] and Avenc des Canutells.[8]

Other notable Menorcan caves include Cova d'en Xoroi on the southern cliffs and Cova de na Polida on the northern coast. Menorca was also one of the first parts of the archipelago in which underwater cave exploration was documented, during Catalan diving expeditions in 1954 and 1955.[2]

Ibiza and Formentera

The caves of Ibiza and Formentera are usually considered together in the speleological literature as those of the Pityusic Islands. Surveys have recorded vadose, break down, littoral and phreatic caves. Cova de Can Marçà in northern Ibiza is a well-known example of vadose speleogenesis.[1]

A 1982 account described eight caves explored during a campaign on Ibiza and Formentera and recorded phreatic lakes and subterranean aquatic fauna on Formentera.[9] A wider synthesis was subsequently published as Espeleologia de les Pitiüses.[10]

Formentera contains numerous coastal solitional caves in Upper Miocene limestone, especially around the sea cliffs of sa Mola and Cap de Barbaria. Some are interpreted as flank-margin or littoral caves produced near former positions of the freshwater–seawater interface.[1] Further cave descriptions and surveys were added to the Formentera catalogue during the 1970s and 1980s.[11]

Cabrera Archipelago

The karst of Cabrera is geologically related to the Serres de Llevant of Mallorca. A 1993 catalogue brought together previous records and recent explorations, and published descriptions and surveys of the caves then known in the archipelago. The catalogue noted a comparatively high proportion of structural and collapse caves and a close relationship between the caves and the sea.[12]

A 2020 review described 17 underwater cave systems in the Cabrera Archipelago and documented their principal physical and biological characteristics.[13]

Major cave systems

Cova des Pas de Vallgornera

Cova des Pas de Vallgornera, in the municipality of Llucmajor, was discovered accidentally during construction work in 1968. Exploration remained comparatively limited until a breakthrough in 2004 opened access to a much larger network.[14]

A 2014 published survey reported more than 74 km (46 mi) of passage, including more than 17 km (11 mi) underwater. The system contains two principal tiers of dry passage as well as extensive submerged galleries. Its morphology includes phreatic mazes, joint-guided passages, collapse chambers, hypogene features and an unusually diverse assemblage of speleothems.[14][6]

The cave is protected as part of the European Union's Natura 2000 network and is not a general recreational caving site.[14]

Gleda–Camp des Pou system

The Gleda–Camp des Pou system, near Manacor, is an extensive, predominantly submerged coastal cave. A survey published in 2010 documented approximately 13.5 km (8.4 mi) of passages and described it at that time as the longest known underwater littoral cave in Europe.[15]

The system has entrances at Cova de sa Gleda and Camp des Pou. It is part of a concentration of large flooded caves on the Manacor coast, alongside systems such as Pirata–Pont–Piqueta, Cova Genovesa and Cova des Coll.

Coves del Drac

The Coves del Drac at Porto Cristo have played an important part in both the history of cave exploration and the development of cave tourism in Mallorca. Friedrich Will produced their first known survey in 1880, and Martel's 1896 expedition explored passages and lakes beyond the parts already known.[16]

A new survey published in 2018 reported 7,690 m (25,230 ft) of development, of which approximately 5,260 m (17,260 ft) was underwater. The surveyed passages covered approximately 71,150 m2 (765,900 sq ft).[17]

Surveying and Cave Registry

Map of recorded caves in the Balearic Islands in 1997.

Cave surveying has been a central part of Balearic speleology since the plans of the Coves d'Artà and Coves del Drac were produced in 1862 and 1880. A 1993 review by Àngel Ginés reconstructed the development of cave topography between 1862 and 1992 and provided a checklist of published surveys from across the islands.[4]

The first archipelago-wide published inventory appeared in 1979. It expanded the previous Mallorcan list from 545 to 883 recorded natural cavities and added the available information for Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera.[18]

An updated inventory published in 1997 listed 3,037 natural underground cavities. It revised earlier entries and was designed as an index to a more detailed speleological catalogue.[19]

Specialised regional catalogues and surveys have also been published for Menorca, the Pityusic Islands, Formentera and Cabrera. Other catalogues concentrate on particular cave environments, such as anchialine caves and non-littoral freshwater caves.[20]

The Federació Balear d'Espeleologia maintains a digital inventory arranged principally by municipality. It includes cave locations and, for many entries, downloadable topographic surveys. The federation states that the database contains more than 7,000 catalogued caves, of which 30 are protected as Special Areas of Conservation in the Natura 2000 network.[3]

Because exploration and survey revision are continuing, published passage lengths and rankings may represent the state of knowledge at the date of publication rather than the present extent of a cave.

Caving and research organisations

Federació Balear d'Espeleologia

The principal governing body for organised caving is the Federació Balear d'Espeleologia (FBE). Balearic clubs were organised as a regional delegation of the Comité Catalano-Balear d'Espeleologia in 1972. A separate Balearic committee was established in 1975, and the FBE was constituted as a federation in 1982.[2]

The federation coordinates clubs, training, sporting licences, cave surveying and the regional cave inventory. Caving organisations affiliated with or historically associated with the federation have included Grup Espeleològic EST, Speleo Club Mallorca, Grup Nord de Mallorca, Grup Excursionista de Mallorca, Grup Espeleològic de les Pitiüses and clubs based on Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera.[2]

Cave-rescue is organised within the Balearic caving community by specialist rescue cavers, including the Grup Espeleosocorro Balear.

Scientific and learned societies

The Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears (SHNB), founded in 1954, has had a long association with cave research. The Equip Mallorquí d'Espeleologia originated within the society, and the SHNB's journal and monograph series have published studies of cave geology, biology, palaeontology and archaeology.[2]

The Earth Sciences research group GEOKARST at the University of the Balearic Islands conducts research into karst, carbonate sedimentology, palaeontology, coastal geomorphology and related subjects. Its members have collaborated extensively with caving organisations in the exploration and scientific study of Balearic caves.[21]

The Societat Espeleològica Balear publishes original research on the karst and caves of the islands through Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear. The annual series began in 2018 and subjects submitted for publication are reviewed by a scientific committee.[22]

Scientific research

Articulated remains of the extinct dormouse Hypnomys morpheus preserved by flowstone in Cova des Pas de Vallgornera.

Balearic cave research has made contributions to geomorphology, hydrogeology, Quaternary geology, palaeontology, archaeology and subterranean biology. Caves have preserved fossils of endemic island vertebrates, including species of Myotragus, Hypnomys and Nesiotites, as well as archaeological deposits associated with prehistoric occupation.

The flooded coastal caves support anchialine ecosystems in which marine and fresh groundwater mix without an open surface connection to the sea. Surveys have documented specialised subterranean crustaceans and other stygobiont animals, as well as threats to their habitats from pollution, development and groundwater disturbance.[20]

Speleothems in Mallorcan coastal caves have also been used to reconstruct former sea levels. Phreatic overgrowths on speleothems form close to the water surface and can preserve evidence of earlier positions of the Mediterranean sea and coastal water table. Research on these deposits has become an internationally significant part of Balearic cave science.[23]

Show caves

Cave tourism in the Balearic Islands developed from visits to the Coves d'Artà and Coves del Drac during the 19th century. The commercial development of the Coves del Drac, especially after the construction of paths, lighting and visitor facilities, made them one of the most popular tourist attractions on Mallorca.

There are currently eight operating show caves in the archipelago: five on Mallorca and one each on Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera:[24]

Conservation and access

Balearic caves contain vulnerable speleothems, fossil/archaeological material and delicate ecosystems. Coastal caves may also form part of groundwater systems that are sensitive to pollution.[20]

Some caves are protected under nature-conservation, archaeological or species-protection legislation. Thirty catalogued caves are identified by the FBE as Special Areas of Conservation within the Natura 2000 network.[3] Major systems such as Cova des Pas de Vallgornera are managed principally for conservation and research rather than open recreational access.

Information resources

Periodicals

Endins was the principal specialist journal of Balearic speleology from its foundation in 1974. It published cave descriptions, surveys and research concerning geology, biology, archaeology, palaeontology and the history of exploration.[25] Its published run extends from volume 1 in 1974 to volume 36 in 2014.

Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear has been published annually since 2018 and continues the publication of specialist research on Balearic caves and karst.[22]

The Bolletí de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears and the society's monograph series also contain research on caves, karst, cave fauna and palaeontology.

Archives and catalogues

The Digital Library of the Balearic Islands, maintained by the University of the Balearic Islands, provides online access to Endins, Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear, SHNB monographs and other regional scientific publications.

The FBE inventory provides a searchable or downloadable catalogue organised by municipality, including locations and topographic plans for many caves.[3]

Longest surveyed caves

This table lists caves in the Balearic islands with over 300m surveyed passage length. It is based on a survey by Gràcia et al. (2009)[26] together with a 2011 update[27] and later values where published.

Published surveyed lengths of Balearic caves exceeding 300 metres
Cave or system Island Municipality Published length (m) Source year Notes Reference
Cova des Pas de Vallgornera Mallorca Llucmajor >78,000 2019 The paper gives “more than 78 km”, not an exact total. [28]
Sistema Gleda–Camp des Pou Mallorca Manacor 14,620 2020 13,720 m submerged and 900 m air-filled. [29]
Sistema Pirata–Pont–Piqueta Mallorca Manacor 8,600 2019 6,385 m submerged. [30]
Coves del Drac Mallorca Manacor 7,690 2018 5,260 m submerged. [31]
Cova des Coll Mallorca Felanitx 7,020 2005 5,529 m submerged [32]
Font de sa Vall / Cova de s’Aigo de Son Boter Menorca Es Migjorn Gran 6,000 2011 [27]
Es Dolç Mallorca Ses Salines 4,100 2014 Almost entirely submerged. [33]
Cova dets Ases Mallorca Felanitx 3,122 2025 2,261 m submerged; exploration was described as continuing. [34]
Cova Genovesa / Cova d’en Bessó Mallorca Manacor 2,415 2011 Three additional dry passages were published in 2014, but no revised aggregate length was stated.[35] [27]
Cova de Can Sion Mallorca Pollença 1,811 2011 [27]
Cova de sa Campana Mallorca Escorca 1,517 2011 [27]
Cova d’en Bassol / Cova d’en Passol Mallorca Felanitx 1,491 2011 [27]
Coves d’Artà Mallorca Capdepera 1,100 2021 Maximum depth reported as 33 m. [36]
Cova des Diners Mallorca Manacor 1,096 2011 [27]
Cova de Cala Varques B Mallorca Manacor 1,068 2011 [27]
Cova de sa Teulada Mallorca Santa Margalida 990 2011 [27]
Cova des Drac Mallorca Santanyí 973 2011 [27]
Bufador de Son Berenguer Mallorca Santa Maria del Camí 964 2011 [27]
Covota de sa Penya Rotja Mallorca Alcúdia 917 2011 [27]
Cova Figuera Mallorca Manacor 875 2011 [27]
Cova des Drac des Rafal des Porcs Mallorca Santanyí 866 2022 Includes 137 m of submerged passage. [37]
Avenc de l’Infern Mallorca Calvià 827 2011 [27]
Cova des Xuetes / Cova de Cala Varques ACD Mallorca Manacor 819 2011 [27]
Cova des Drac de Cala Santanyí Mallorca Santanyí 803 2011 An earlier cave-specific paper reported 1,005 m total development; the 2011 table retained the standardised projected measurement.[38] [27]
Cova Nova de Son Lluís Mallorca Porreres 779 2011 [27]
Cova de les Rodes Mallorca Pollença 751 2011 [27]
Avenc de Fra Rafel Mallorca Escorca 733 2011 [27]
Coves dets Hams Mallorca Manacor 719 2011 [27]
Avenc d’en Corbera Mallorca Esporles 710 2011 [27]
Cova de na Megaré Menorca Ciutadella 662 2011 [27]
Cova de Cal Pesso Mallorca Pollença 649 2011 [27]
Avenc d’en Xim Mallorca Pollença >600 2019 The paper gives “more than 600 m”, so its exact position in a ranking is uncertain. [39]
Covota des Puig Gros de Bendinat Mallorca Calvià 593 2011 [27]
Cova dets Amagatalls / Cova de Can Bordils Mallorca Manacor 579 2011 [27]
Cova des Coloms 1 Mallorca Manacor 575 2011 [27]
Cova de Cornavaques Mallorca Pollença 561 2011 [27]
Complex Mamelles Formentera Formentera 559 2011 [27]
Cova dets Estudiants Mallorca Sóller 554 2011 [27]
Avenc de Son Pou Mallorca Santa Maria del Camí 550 2011 [27]
Cova Polida de Fornells Menorca Es Mercadal 543 2011 [27]
Cova des Reganots Mallorca Alcúdia 541 2011 [27]
Coves del Pilar Mallorca Palma 531 2011 [27]
Cova de Llenaire Mallorca Pollença 515 2011 [27]
Cova des Serral Mallorca Manacor 511 2011 [27]
Cova de la Base Mallorca Pollença 503 2011 [27]
Cova de sa Punta des Moro Mallorca Manacor 489 2025 [40]
Cova de sa Bassa Blanca Mallorca Alcúdia 484 2011 [27]
Cova d’en Curt Menorca Ferreries 465 2011 [27]
Coves de Campanet Mallorca Campanet 450 2024 New survey replacing the 397 m value used in 2011. [41]
Font des Verger Mallorca Sóller 423 2021 The same paper gives 510 m of actual three-dimensional development. [42]
Cova de Can Millo / Cova de Coanegrina Mallorca Santa Maria del Camí 420 2011 [27]
Cova de s’Ònix Mallorca Manacor 407 2011 [27]
Es Bufador de Solleric Mallorca Alaró 405 2011 [27]
Cova Argentera Mallorca Pollença 404 2011 [27]
Cova des Màrmol Menorca Ciutadella 387 2011 [27]
Cova de sa Sínia Mallorca Manacor 378 2011 [27]
Cova Morella Mallorca Pollença 376 2011 [27]
Cova des Mirador / Cova dets Arbrets Mallorca Escorca 342 2011 [27]
Cova de ses Llàgrimes Mallorca Alcúdia 341 2011 [27]
Cova de Cala Mitjana Mallorca Felanitx 340 2011 [27]
Cova des Gurs Mallorca Calvià 334 2011 [27]
Cova de ses Meravelles Mallorca Bunyola 325 2011 [27]
Crull de ses Termes Mallorca Escorca 325 2011 [27]
Cova des Coral·loides Mallorca Calvià 324 2011 [27]
Cova del Boc Mallorca Pollença 322 2011 [27]
Cova des Coloms Mallorca Calvià 321 2011 [27]
Coves de Sant Val·lero Formentera Formentera 318 2011 [27]
Cova de Mina Petit Mallorca Pollença 310 2011 [27]
Coves des Màrmol Mallorca Calvià 310 2011 [27]
Cova de Canet Mallorca Esporles 307 2011 [27]
Font de l’Algaret Mallorca Pollença 305 2011 [27]
Avenc des Puig Caragoler Mallorca Escorca 304 2011 [27]
Cova de ses Abelles Menorca Ferreries 301 2011 [27]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ginés, Joaquín; Ginés, Àngel (2011). "Classificació morfogenètica de les cavitats càrstiques de les illes Balears". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears (in Catalan). 17: 85–102. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ginard, Antelm; Ginés, Àngel; Vicens, Damià (2011). "Les exploracions espeleològiques a les illes Balears. La Federació Balear d'Espeleologia". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears (in Catalan). 17: 11–36. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Inventario Cavidades FBE" (in Spanish). Federació Balear d'Espeleologia. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  4. 1 2 3 Ginés, Àngel (1993). "El conocimiento espeleo-topográfico de las cavidades baleares: 1862–1992". Endins (in Spanish). 19: 55–70. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  5. 1 2 3 Gràcia, Francesc; Fornós, Joan J. (2021). "Cinquanta anys d'espeleologia subaquàtica a Mallorca (1971–2021): humans, aigua i coves". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears (in Catalan). 33: 283–361. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  6. 1 2 Ginés, Joaquín; Fornós, Joan J.; Ginés, Àngel; Merino, Antoni; Gràcia, Francesc (2014). "Geologic constraints and speleogenesis of Cova des Pas de Vallgornera, a complex coastal cave from Mallorca Island (Western Mediterranean)". International Journal of Speleology. 43 (2): 105–124. doi:10.5038/1827-806X.43.2.2. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  7. ↑ Mir, F. (1979). "Noves aportacions al coneixement de les coves de Menorca". Endins (in Catalan). 5–6: 19–28. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  8. ↑ Trias, Miquel; Ginés, Àngel (1989). "Algunes noves cavitats de l'illa de Menorca". Endins (in Catalan). 14–15: 5–16. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  9. ↑ Trias, Miquel (1982). "Noves dades sobre les cavernes pitiüses". Endins (in Catalan). 9: 15–27. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  10. ↑ Trias, Miquel (1983). Espeleologia de les Pitiüses. Estudis breus (in Catalan). Vol. 2. Eivissa: Institut d'Estudis Eivissencs.
  11. ↑ Trias, Miquel (1986). "Contribució al catàleg espeleològic de Formentera". Endins (in Catalan). 12: 25–29. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  12. ↑ Trias, Miquel (1993). "Catàleg espeleològic". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears (in Catalan). 2: 131–152. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  13. ↑ Díaz, David; Ballesteros, Enric; Cebrián, Emma; Aspillaga, Eneko; Muñoz, Anabel (2020). "Les coves submergides de l'arxipèlag de Cabrera". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears (in Catalan). 30: 299–316. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  14. 1 2 3 Merino, Antoni; Mulet, Antoni; Mulet, Guiem; Croix, Antoni; Kristofersson, Anders; Gràcia, Francesc; Perelló, Miquel A. (2014). "Cova des Pas de Vallgornera (Mallorca, Spain): history of exploration and cave description". International Journal of Speleology. 43 (2): 95–104. doi:10.5038/1827-806X.43.2.1. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  15. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Clamor, Bernat; Gamundí, Pere; Watkinson, Peter; Fornós, Joan J. (2010). "El sistema de cavitats Gleda–Camp des Pou (Manacor, Mallorca)". Endins (in Catalan). 34: 35–68. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  16. ↑ Ginés, Joaquín; Ginés, Àngel; Gràcia, Francesc; Merino, Antoni (2018). "Principals etapes de l'exploració i topografia de les Coves del Drac (Manacor, Mallorca)". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 1: 1–20. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  17. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Ginés, Joaquín; Merino, Antoni; Fornós, Joan J. (2018). "Nou plànol topogràfic de les Coves del Drac (Manacor, Mallorca)". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 1: 65–76. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  18. ↑ Trias, Miquel; Payeras, C.; Ginés, Joaquín (1979). "Inventari espeleològic de les Balears". Endins (in Catalan). 5–6: 89–108. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  19. ↑ Encinas, J. A. (1997). "Inventari espeleològic de les Illes Balears: any 1997". Endins (in Catalan). 21: 103–128. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  20. 1 2 3 Jaume, Damià; Gràcia, Francesc (2006). "Coves amb hàbitats anquihalins de les Balears i coves amb hàbitats dolçaquícoles no litorals: catàleg espeleològic i faunístic". Endins (in Catalan). 30: 71–82. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  21. ↑ "GEOKARST – Earth Science". University of the Balearic Islands. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  22. 1 2 "Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear" (in Catalan). Biblioteca Digital de les Illes Balears. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  23. ↑ Ginés, Joaquín; Ginés, Àngel; Fornós, Joan J. (2021). "Les investigacions sobre el carst i les coves de Mallorca: evolució dels coneixements i perspectives actuals". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears (in Catalan). 34: 112–131. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  24. ↑ Ginés, Joaquín; Ginés, Àngel (2011). "Les coves turístiques de les Illes Balears: antecedents i estat de la qüestió". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears (in Catalan). 17: 333–344. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  25. ↑ Ginés, Joaquín; Ginés, Àngel (2000). "25 anys d'Endins, publicació d'espeleologia". Endins (in Catalan). 23: 155–166. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  26. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Ginard, Antelm; Vicens, Damià; Ginés, Joaquín (2009). "Recull de les cavitats de major recorregut i major fondària de les Balears". Endins (in Catalan). 33: 139–152. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 "Cavitats de major recorregut i major fondària de les Balears" (PDF). Endins (in Catalan). 35: 367–368. 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  28. ↑ Merino, Antoni; Fornós, Joan J.; Mulet, Antoni; Ginés, Joaquín (2019). "Morphological and mineralogical evidence for ancient bat presence in Cova des Pas de Vallgornera (Llucmajor, Mallorca, Western Mediterranean)". International Journal of Speleology. 48 (2): 115–131. doi:10.5038/1827-806X.48.2.2247. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  29. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Cirer, Antoni; Lázaro, Juan Carlos; et al. (2020). "Sistema Gleda-Camp des Pou (Manacor, Mallorca): estat de la qüestió". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 3: 1–32. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  30. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Cirer, Antoni; Lázaro, Juan Carlos; et al. (2019). "Sistema Pirata-Pont-Piqueta (Manacor, Mallorca): estat de la qüestió". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 2: 69–101. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  31. ↑ Enseñat, Juan José; Gràcia, Francesc; Ginard, Antelm; et al. (2018). "Nou plànol topogràfic de les Coves del Drac (Manacor, Mallorca)". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 1: 65–76. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  32. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Clamor, Bernat; Jaume, Damià; et al. (2005). "La cova des Coll: Felanitx, Mallorca: espeleogènesi, geomorfologia, hidrologia, sedimentologia, fauna i conservació". Endins (in Catalan). 27: 141–186. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  33. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Clamor, Bernat; Gamundí, Pere; et al. (2014). "Es Dolç (Colònia de Sant Jordi, ses Salines, Mallorca): cavitat litoral amb influències hipogèniques". Endins (in Catalan). 36: 69–96. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  34. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Perelló, Miquel Àngel; Enseñat, Juan José; et al. (2025). "La cova dets Ases (Felanitx, Mallorca), estat de la qüestió". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 8: 1–34. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  35. ↑ Bermejo, José; Minguillón, Rafael; Herráez, Gaspar; et al. (2014). "Cova Genovesa (Cala Anguila, Manacor): noves galeries terrestres". Endins (in Catalan). 36: 113–118. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  36. ↑ Enseñat, Juan José; Pla, Vicenç; Santandreu, Gabriel; et al. (2021). "Nou plànol topogràfic de les Coves d'Artà (Capdepera, Mallorca)". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 4: 47–76. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  37. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Clamor, Bernat; Perelló, Miquel Àngel; et al. (2022). "La cova des Drac des Rafal des Porcs: exploracions i descobriments de 1997 (Santanyí, Mallorca)". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 5: 109–126. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  38. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Clamor, Bernat; Aguiló, Cristòfol; Watkinson, Peter (1998). "La cova des Drac de Cala Santanyí (Santanyí, Mallorca)". Endins (in Catalan). 22: 55–66. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  39. ↑ Plomer, Tomeu; Garcia, Miquel A. (2019). "Noves exploracions a l'avenc d'en Xim (Pollença, Mallorca)". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 2: 1–14. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  40. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Clamor, Bernat; Febrer, Mateu; Enseñat, Juan José (2025). "La cova de sa Punta des Moro (Manacor, Mallorca)". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 8: 81–92. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  41. ↑ Enseñat, Juan José; Santandreu, Gabriel; Ginés, Joaquín (2024). "Nou plànol topogràfic de les Coves de Campanet (Mallorca)". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 7: 201–218. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  42. ↑ Gràcia, Francesc; Croix, Antoni; Gamundí, Pere; et al. (2021). "La Font des Verger (Sóller, Mallorca)". Papers de la Societat Espeleològica Balear (in Catalan). 4: 35–45. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
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