Cao Futian
Cao Futian 曹福田 | |
|---|---|
 Depiction of Cao Futian on horseback | |
| Born | 19th century |
| Died | 1901 |
| Allegiance |  Yìhéquán |
| Memorials | Memorial Hall of the Boxer Uprising |
Cao Futian was a charismatic Chinese leader of the Yìhéquán, or Boxers who organized attacks on Chinese Christians and foreign missionaries during the late Qing dynasty's Boxer movement. When the invasion of the Eight-Nation Alliance forced the imperial court to change from support of the Boxers to suppression, government troops captured and beheaded him in 1901.
Biography
Little is known of the early life of Cao Futian but he was born in the mid-19th century, in Jinghai, Zhili province, China.[1] Cao He was a master of Kung Fu and a charismatic leader. He had been a soldier.[2] and he raised a militia in Tiānjīn, most of whom were illiterate, such as laid-off railway workers, religious cult followers, criminals, and unemployed youth. Cao hated foreigners because of the establishment of the foreign concessions, but even more because of the actions of missionaries who spread Christianity and undermined Chinese religions.[3] He thought Chinese Christians should be expelled for polluting Chinese culture.[3] First hostile to the Chinese Imperial Army, he fought them in August 1899. The Qing government was divided as to how to react to the Boxers’ activities, but conservative elements of the court were in favour of them. Prince Duan, a fervent supporter, arranged a meeting between Cao and Empress Dowager Ci Xi.[4] At the meeting, the crown prince even wore a Boxer uniform to show allegiance.[5]
Cao Futian was also a spiritual leader, and many believed he had divine abilities. He and Zhang Decheng, another Boxer leader, were said to be able to make himselves disappear, and to have powers of bilocation.[6] In 1900, he set up headquarters at 18 Hejia Lane, Ruyyi'an Street of Hongqiao District, Tiānjīn, at a temple venerating Lü Dongbin. The building is now the Memorial Hall of the Boxer Uprising (Lü Zu Tang).[7] On 14 July 1900, Tiānjīn was captured by the Allied forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance after a three-day battle. Cao Futian had to flee to Jinghai, but in May 1901 government forces captured him.[8] He was then beheaded for conspiring to stir up conflict.[1][9]
References
- 1 2 "什么是 曹福田 意思详解 - 淘大白". www.taodabai.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
- ↑ Chesneaux, Jean; Bastid, Marianne; Bergère, Marie-Claire (1976-12-01). China from the opium wars to the 1911 revolution. Pantheon Books. p. 330. ISBN 9780394709345.
- 1 2 "The Boxer Rebellion" (PDF). wumunc.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-15.
- ↑ "Chinese Monarchs - Zaiyi (26 August 1856 – 24 November 1922) was a Manchu prince and statesman of the late Qing Dynasty". www.nouahsark.com. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
- ↑ Lucia. "China's Confession: Episode 4". www.chinasoul.org. Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
- ↑ state4 (2010-07-26). "Monograph powerpoint".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Tianjin Travel Guide, Tianjin Tour, Tianjin Hotel, Tianjin weather - Chinaonyourmind.com". www.chinaonyourmind.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-03. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
- ↑ "义和团领袖曹福田简介 曹福田的故事-历史趣闻网". www.lishiquwen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
- ↑ "became the object of hatred. - www.winxp.fora.pl". www.winxp.fora.pl. Retrieved 2017-08-31.