Centrosomal protein 15
| CEP15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | CEP15, chromosome 3 open reading frame 14, HT021, C3orf14, Centrosomal protein 15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | MGI: 5589433; GeneCards: CEP15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Centrosomal protein 15 is a protein of uncertain function which in humans is encoded by the gene CEP15 (previously C3orf14). The human gene is located at 3p14.2 near the fragile site FRBA3—which falls between this gene and the centromere.[4] Its protein is expected to localize to the nucleus and bind DNA.[5][6] Orthologs have been identified in all of the major animal groups, minus amphibians and insects,[7] tracing as far back as the sea anemone; indicating an origin of over 1000 mya, highlighting its importance in the animal genome.
Gene aliases
CEP15 is also known by the aliases C3orf14, LOC57415, FLJ94553 and FLJ17473.[8]
Structure
The mRNA is composed of 6 exons, and encodes a 15007.84 kD protein known as HT021.[4][9] This protein has a pre-modification isoelectric point of 5.57 and alpha helices span most of its length.[9] Four sites of possible phosphorylation have been identified, and at least two sites of phosphorylation are conserved in all orthologs, as are two alpha helices. This protein is also predicted as a DNA binding protein.[6] The protein may assume a tertiary structure of a coiled coil.[10]
Homology
Orthologs of this gene has been identified in most animal groups: mammals, monotremes, aves, reptiles, fish and invertebrates.[8] Transcripts have not been identified in amphibians or insects; however only model organisms have been sequenced from these groups. Very recently the first ortholog in reptiles was identified in Anolis carolinensis.[8] The amino acid structure is highly conserved through mammals, and the secondary and tertiary structure is highly conserved in all orthologs, dating as far back as 1000 mya in the sea anemone.[9] No orthologs have been found in plants or bacteria. Below is a phylogenetic tree generated in SDSC Biology Workbench showing protein similarity among species in which CEP15 has been identified.[9]
Expression
This gene was first identified in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis).[11] The GEO and EST profiles in NCBI, indicate that its expression level varies from tissue to tissue; however its reported expression is 1.2 times that of the average gene.[4][12] It has highest expression in the pancreas and nervous tissue (in humans). It is underexpressed in many cancer cell lines, however this may be due to its close proximity to the tumor suppressor gene FHIT, and the chromosomal fragile site FRBA3. Breakage at this site inactivates FHIT and can lead to the loss of CEP15.
References
- 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000114405 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- 1 2 3 Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J (2006). "AceView: a comprehensive cDNA-supported gene and transcripts annotation". Genome Biology. 7 (Suppl 1): S12.1–14. doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-s1-s12. PMC 1810549. PMID 16925834.
- ↑ Gasteiger E, Gattiker A, Hoogland C, Ivanyi I, Appel RD, Bairoch A (July 2003). "ExPASy: The proteomics server for in-depth protein knowledge and analysis". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13): 3784–8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg563. PMC 168970. PMID 12824418. Archived from the original on 2015-10-15. Retrieved 2011-05-09.
- 1 2 Kumar M, Gromiha MM, Raghava GP (November 2007). "Identification of DNA-binding proteins using support vector machines and evolutionary profiles". BMC Bioinformatics. 8 (1): 463. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-463. PMC 2216048. PMID 18042272.
- ↑ Pruitt KD, Tatusova T, Maglott DR (January 2007). "NCBI reference sequences (RefSeq): a curated non-redundant sequence database of genomes, transcripts and proteins". Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (Database issue): D61–5. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl842. PMC 1716718. PMID 17130148.
- 1 2 3 Bilofsky, Howard; Burks, Christian (11 March 1988). "The GenBank® genetic sequence data bank". Nucleic Acids Research. 16 (5): 1861–1863. doi:10.1093/nar/16.5.1861. PMC 339347. PMID 3945546.
- 1 2 3 4 Sauro HM, Hucka M, Finney A, Wellock C, Bolouri H, Doyle J, Kitano H (December 2003). "Next generation simulation tools: the Systems Biology Workbench and BioSPICE integration" (PDF). OMICS. 7 (4): 355–72. doi:10.1089/153623103322637670. PMID 14683609.
- ↑ Combet C, Blanchet C, Geourjon C, Deléage G (March 2000). "NPS@: network protein sequence analysis". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 25 (3): 147–50. doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(99)01540-6. PMID 10694887.
- ↑ Hu RM, Han ZG, Song HD, Peng YD, Huang QH, Ren SX, Gu YJ, Huang CH, Li YB, Jiang CL, Fu G, Zhang QH, Gu BW, Dai M, Mao YF, Gao GF, Rong R, Ye M, Zhou J, Xu SH, Gu J, Shi JX, Jin WR, Zhang CK, Wu TM, Huang GY, Chen Z, Chen MD, Chen JL (August 2000). "Gene expression profiling in the human hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and full-length cDNA cloning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (17): 9543–8. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.9543H. doi:10.1073/pnas.160270997. PMC 16901. PMID 10931946.
- ↑ Barrett T, Suzek TO, Troup DB, Wilhite SE, Ngau WC, Ledoux P, Rudnev D, Lash AE, Fujibuchi W, Edgar R (January 2005). "NCBI GEO: mining millions of expression profiles--database and tools". Nucleic Acids Research. 33 (Database issue): D562–6. doi:10.1093/nar/gki022. PMC 539976. PMID 15608262.