Blount's disease

Blount's disease
Other namesTibia vara
SpecialtyPediatrics, Orthopedics
SymptomsLateral knee thrust during standing, bowleg
Usual onsetChildhood
CausesMechanical compression forces on the tibia
Risk factorsObesity, early walking, Black ancestry
Diagnostic methodX-ray
Differential diagnosisPhysiologic genu varum; Rickets
TreatmentBracing; surgery[1]

Blount's disease (or Blount disease) is a progressive growth disorder of the tibia (shin bone) which causes the lower leg to angle inward, resembling a bowleg.[2] It is also known as "tibia vara".[3]

Classifications

Classification of Blount's disease is determined by age at onset:

  • Infantile: presents before 4 years of age
  • Adolescent: presents at or after 10 years of age.[1]

The distinguishing feature of the infantile form is early involvement of the growth plate, progressing to asymmetric and permanent epiphysiodesis (stopping of bone growth).

Some reports additionally describe a juvenile (4-10 years old) form, though such cases can also be classified as neglected or recurrent infantile form.[4]

Signs and symptoms

The primary symptom of Blount disease is progressive bowing of the leg. The infantile form typically presents with bowing of both legs, whereas the adolescent form usually presents with bowing on one side. Children may laterally thrust their knee while standing. Limited hip or knee mobility and a limp may also be present.[1]

Pain is generally rare in the infantile form. In contrast, the adolescent form is associated with hip or medial knee pain.[1]

If Blount disease is left uncorrected, it usually progresses. Blount disease leads to progressive bowleg deformity, unequal leg lengths, and early arthritis of the knee.[5]. The infantile form may progress to permanent epiphysiodesis.[4]

Causes

Blount disease is caused by multiple factors, including mechanical force and genetics.[1]

Mechanical force

Excessive mechanical compressive forces on the tibia is a significant contributor to the development of this condition. These forces may be caused by extreme child obesity (BMI ≥ 40)[6] or early walking in childhood.[1]. Early walking (before 10 months of age) is common among those with infantile Blount disease.[4]

Genetics, ethnicity, and socioeconomics

Black ancestry is a significant risk factor in the United States and Caribbean for the development of Blount disease. The reason for this increased risk is poorly understood, and may suggest a genetic contribution to disease development.[7]

Socioeconomic factors may also contribute to the increased risk among Black populations. A study of 125 patients with Blount disease in the United States found that Black patients had significantly higher BMI, lower household incomes, and higher Medicaid enrollment than non-Black patients, which may contribute to disease progression and delay of treatment.[8]

Pathophysiology

Blount disease is an acquired growth disorder. A prevailing hypothesis is that disease develops in genetically susceptible patients that experience excessive compression forces on the tibia.[4] Compressive forces cause damage to cartilage and delay bone maturation.[1] These changes lead to loss in medial tibial bone growth at the growth plate.[9] Greater muscle exertion is needed to stabilize the force, and children adapt by laterally thrusting their knee.[4] This adaptation creates the bowleg appearance.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Blount disease is based on X-ray from hip to ankle, which will show decreased bone growth at the medial tibial growth plate.[9] Other X-ray findings suggestive of Blount's disease include medial beaking of the epiphysis, widened and irregular medial physis, irregular ossification, and medial slope of the epiphysis and metaphysis in varus. Specific angle measurements on X-ray, such as the metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle (MDA), can assess Blount's disease in children.[1]

Langenskiöld Classification System

The Langenskiöld Classification System is a X-ray-based 6-stage diagrammatic system to assess Blount's disease [1] Higher grades are associated with greater deformity.[9]

The 6 stages are as follows:

  • Stage I: The metaphyseal zone develops early irregularities.
  • Stage II: A beak-like projection begins forming on the medial aspect of the metaphysis.
  • Stage III: The medial metaphyseal beak develops a step-shaped deformity.
  • Stage IV: The epiphysis itself becomes beaked and comes to sit within a depression in the medial metaphysis.
  • Stage V: The epiphyseal growth plate takes on a bifid appearance.
  • Stage VI: An osseous bridge forms across the growth plate.[1]

Differential diagnosis

The most common cause of bowlegs in infants and toddlers is physiologic and will self-correct with time. Bowing that persists one year after walking begins or 3 years of age may require further evaluation.[9]

Rickets can produce leg deformities that closely mimic those produced by Blount's disease. To differentiate between rickets and Blount's disease, it is important to identify nutrition status and risk factors.[10]

Osteochondrodysplasias or genetic bone diseases can cause leg deformities similar to Blount's disease. The clinical appearance and the characteristic X-ray findings are important to confirm the diagnosis.[11][12]

Treatment

Bracing

Staples for epiphysiodesis in the bone, Blount's disease treatment - rtg. snapshots and biomechanical experiments[13]

Treatment is determined by age and severity. Children who develop severe bowing before the age of 4 and have Langenskiöld stage I or II disease may be treated with Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses (KAFOs).[1] However, there is no consensus that bracing is necessary or effective.[9] Bracing is most likely to be successful if started before age 3 in non-obese children.[1]

Surgery

Surgery is recommended in children over 4 years old with X-ray findings. Early surgery can prevent further progression of the disease and permanent deformity. Once the growth plate is damaged, repeated surgery is the only treatment option for Blount's disease.[9] Common surgical approaches include hemiepiphysiodesis (guided growth) and osteotomy (bone surgery).[1]

Hemiepiphysiodesis, also known as guided growth, is recommended in children over 4 years old with immature skeletons.[14] Staples, pins, or tension bands are used to correct bowleg deformity progressively over time. Guided growth causes less pain for patients than osteotomy. Additionally, guided growth is associated with shorter recovery times and reduced surgical risks.[1]

Osteotomy is recommended in children over 3-4 years old, particularly those with neglected cases.[14] The goal of osteotomy is the reduce force on the medial tibia, or inside of the shin bone, to allow for normal bone growth. Slight overcorrection is done to prevent disease recurrence, and will resolve with time.[9] The correction can be done all at once or gradually, with weak evidence favoring gradual correction.[1]

Associated conditions

Blount disease is one of the 8 severe comorbidities of severe obesity (BMI >35), which are an indication for bariatric surgery in children per a 2019 policy statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics. The other severe comorbidities are:

Etymology

Blount disease is named after Walter Putnam Blount (1900–1992), an American pediatric orthopedic surgeon who described it in 1937.[16][17]

The disease has also been known as Mau-Nilsonne syndrome, after C. Mau and H. Nilsonne, who published early case reports of the condition.[18][19]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Murthy, Dakshina; Taqi, Muhammad; De Leucio, Alessandro (January 9, 2024). "Blount Disease". StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32809758. Archived from the original on January 8, 2026. Retrieved 5 June 2026.
  2. ↑ Skinner, Harry B. (2006). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Orthopaedics. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. pp. 620–621. ISBN 0-07-143833-5.
  3. ↑ Clarke SE, McCarthy JJ, Davidson RS (March 2009). "Treatment of Blount disease: a comparison between the multiaxial correction system and other external fixators". J Pediatr Orthop. 29 (2): 103–9. doi:10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181982a62. PMID 19352232. S2CID 31733527.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Janoyer, Marc (February 2019). "Blount disease". Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 105 (1): S111–S121. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2018.01.009. PMID 29481866. Retrieved 8 June 2026.
  5. ↑ Birch, John G. (July 2013). "Blount disease". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 21 (7): 408–418. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-21-07-408. PMID 23818028.
  6. ↑ Sabharwal, Sanjeev; Zhao, Caixia; McClemens, Emily (June 2007). "Correlation of body mass index and radiographic deformities in children with Blount disease". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 89 (6): 1275–1283. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.01135. PMID 17545431.
  7. ↑ Banwarie, Radjen; Hollman, Freek; Meijs, Nandi; Arts, Jacobus J.; Vroemen, Pascal; Moh, Prosper; Staal, Heleen M. (July 2020). "Insight into the possible aetiologies of Blount's disease: a systematic review of the literature". Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 29 (4): 323–336. doi:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000677. PMID 31651748.
  8. ↑ Klyce, Walter; Badin, Daniel; Gandhi, Jigar S.; Lee, Jay R.; Horn, David B.; Honcharuk, Erin (June 2022). "Racial differences in late-onset Blount disease". Journal of Children's Orthopaedics. 16 (3): 161–166. doi:10.1177/18632521221091501. PMC 9254026. PMID 35800658.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patrick J. McMahon; Harry B. Skinner, eds. (17 June 2021). "Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery". Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Orthopedics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1-260-13597-8. Retrieved 5 June 2026.
  10. ↑ EL-Sobky, TA; Samir, S; Baraka, MM; Fayyad, TA; Mahran, MA; Aly, AS; Amen, J; Mahmoud, S (1 January 2020). "Growth modulation for knee coronal plane deformities in children with nutritional rickets: A prospective series with treatment algorithm". JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews. 4 (1): e19.00009. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-19-00009. PMC 7028784. PMID 32159063.
  11. ↑ EL-Sobky, TA; Shawky, RM; Sakr, HM; Elsayed, SM; Elsayed, NS; Ragheb, SG; Gamal, R (15 November 2017). "A systematized approach to radiographic assessment of commonly seen genetic bone diseases in children: A pictorial review". J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 1 (2): 25. doi:10.4103/jmsr.jmsr_28_17. S2CID 79825711.
  12. ↑ Solomon, Louis; Warwick, David; Nayagam, Selvadurai (2010). Appley's System of Orthopaedics and Fractures (9th ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. pp. 556–557. ISBN 978-0-340-942-086.
  13. ↑ Frydrýšek, Karel; Čepica, Daniel; Halo, Tomáš; Skoupý, Ondřej; Pleva, Leopold; Madeja, Roman; Pometlová, Jana; Losertová, Monika; Koutecký, Jan; Michal, Pavel; Havlas, Vojtěch (January 2022). "Biomechanical Analysis of Staples for Epiphysiodesis". Applied Sciences. 12 (2): 614. doi:10.3390/app12020614. hdl:10084/146236. ISSN 2076-3417.
  14. 1 2 Assan, Beaudelaire Romulus; Simon, Anne-Laure; Adjadohoun, Sonia; Segbedji, Géraud Garcia Ps; Souchet, Philippe; Metchioungbe, Codjo Serge; Fiogbe, Michel Armand; Ilharreborde, Brice; Gbenou, Antoine Séraphin Gbenou 4 (May 2021). "Guided growth vs. Tibial osteotomy at early stage of Blount disease in squelletically immature patients". Journal of Orthopaedics. 25: 140–144. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2021.05.006. PMC 8758907. PMID 35068774.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Armstrong, Sarah C.; Bolling, Christopher F.; Michalsky, Marc P.; Reichard, Kirk W.; SECTION ON OBESITY, SECTION ON SURGERY; Haemer, Matthew Allen; Muth, Natalie Digate; Rausch, John Conrad; Rogers, Victoria Weeks; Heiss, Kurt F.; Besner, Gail Ellen (2019-12-01). "Pediatric Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Evidence, Barriers, and Best Practices". Pediatrics. 144 (6): e20193223. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3223. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 31656225. S2CID 204947687.
  16. ↑ synd/1470 at Whonamedit?
  17. ↑ W. P. Blount. Tibia vara: osteochondrosis deformans tibiae. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Boston, 1937, 19: 1-29.
  18. ↑ Mau, C. (1923/24) Genu varum bedingt durch Tihiaepiphysendefekt bei Kartilaginärer Exostose. Z. orthop. Chir. 44, 383.
  19. ↑ Nilsonne, H. (1929) Genu varum mit eigentümlichen Epiphysenveränderungen. Acta chir. scand. 44, 187.
  • Dakshina Murthy T S. S; Alessandro De Leucio. Blount Disease Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.
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