Black-headed saltator

Black-headed saltator
At Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Saltator
Species:
S. atriceps
Binomial name
Saltator atriceps
(Lesson, RP, 1832)

The black-headed saltator (Saltator atriceps) is a species of songbird in the family Thraupidae, the tanagers and allies. It is found from Mexico to Panama.[2]

Taxonomy and systematics

The black-headed saltator was formally described in 1832 with the binomial Tanagra (Saltator) atriceps.[3]

The black-headed saltator has these six subspecies:[2]

Showing white throat patch and black bib

Description

The black-headed saltator is 25.5 to 28 cm (10 to 11 in) long and weighs about 71 to 93 g (2.5 to 3.3 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies S. a. atriceps have a mostly black head with a thin supercilium to just past the eye; it begins gray and becomes white to the rear. Their face is gray below the eye and onto the cheek. Their back, scapulars, rump, uppertail coverts, wings, and tail are bright yellowish olive-green; it is brightest on the tail. The flight- and tail feathers have black shafts. The center of their throat and their upper breast are white surrounded by black. Their lower breast and belly are ash-gray that pales to the rear, their lower flanks ash-gray with a brown tinge, and their undertail coverts orange ochraceous. Their tibial feathers are brown or pale olive.[4]

The other subspecies of the black-headed saltator differ from the nominate and each other thus:[4]

  • S. a. suffuscus: like nominate but with a cinnamon throat center
  • S. a. flavicrissus: smaller white throat than nominate with wider black breast band, less brown wash on flanks, and more olive ochraceous undertail coverts
  • S. a. peeti: larger than nominate but otherwise the same
  • S. a. raptor: paler underparts than nominate with flanks similar to upperparts
  • S. a. lacertosus: mostly slate-gray face, all-white supercilium, and little or no black breast band

All subspecies have a brownish red or reddish brown iris, a thick black bill, and dark horn or dusky legs and feet.[4]

Distribution and habitat

The black-headed saltator has a disjunct distribution. Subspecies S. a. flavicrissus is separate from all the others, whose ranges are contiguous. The subspecies are found thus:[4][5]

The black-headed saltator inhabits a variety of landscapes in the tropical and lower subtropical zones.[8] These include the edges of humid to semi-arid forest, younger secondary forest, plantations, brushy and scrubby areas, and gardens.[4][5] In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,750 m (5,700 ft) in Mexico, to 1,900 m (6,200 ft) in northern Central America, and to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) in Costa Rica.[5][6][7]

Behavior

Movement

The black-headed saltator is a year-round resident.[8]

Feeding

The black-headed saltator's diet has not been studied but is known to include fruits, seeds, and insects and smaller amounts of flowers and buds. It has been observed feeding on the fruits of Bursera simaruba, Ficus cotinifolia, Ehretia tinifolia, and Palicourea padifolia.[4] A study in southern Mexico added Cymbopetalum mayanum and Trophis racemosa fruits.[9] It forages at all levels of its habitat, typically in small groups, and it occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It takes most food by gleaning from vegetation.[4]

Breeding

The black-headed saltator's breeding season has not been fully established but includes May and June in Mexico, spans April to July in Cost Rica, and includes March and April in Panama. Its nest is a cup made from a wide variety of plant fibers, sometimes on a base of twigs, and is lined with fine fibers. Nests are typically in a thicket within about 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) of the ground. The clutch is two eggs that are blue or bluish green with black markings.[4] The eggs are about 24 to 33 mm (0.94 to 1.3 in) long and about 18 to 23 mm (0.71 to 0.91 in) wide. They weigh about 5 to 5.5 g (0.18 to 0.19 oz). They are among the largest eggs of the saltators.[10] The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.[4]

Vocalization

The black-headed saltator's day song is described as "loud, scratchy notes ending with a prolonged, upwardly inflected whistle: cher ch-ch cher jur jur weeeee" and as "sharp, nasal notes run into a gruff, accelerating, rolling laugh or chortling chatter". Its dawn song is "a high, thin tseety, tseety-tseety-tseety-tseety". Its "sharp, loud, raucous" calls include "a single descending deeuh or deeer" and "sharp, smacking barks, chowk! or cheuk!, etc., and a sharp yah! or chehh!, repeated".[4]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the black-headed saltator as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its estimated population of at least 500,000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered common in northern Central America and Costa Rica.[6][7] "Increased logging and habitat fragmentation can prove to be a boon for this forest edge species; for example, at Palenque, Chiapas, in southern Mexico, the increased fragmentation of rainforest has led to an increase of the local population of Black-headed Saltator."[4]

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2021). "Black-headed Saltator Saltator atriceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22723869A137039316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22723869A137039316.en. Retrieved 27 August 2026.
  2. 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (April 2026). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List. v 15.2. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  3. ↑ Lesson, René-Primevère (1830). Centurie zoologique, ou, Choix d’animaux rares, nouveaux ou imparfaitement connus: enrichi de planches inédites, dessinées d’après nature par M. Prêtre, gravées et coloriées avec le plus grand soin (in French). Chez F.G. Levrault. pp. 208–209. Retrieved 27 August 2026. Although the book is dated 1830 and Lesson's description is dated 1831, the species' record date is 1832.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Deshwal, A., P. Panwar, and R. Kannan (2020). Black-headed Saltator (Saltator atriceps), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blhsal1.01 retrieved 27 August 2026
  5. 1 2 3 vanPerlo, Ber (2006). Birds of Mexico and Central America. Princeton Illustrated Checklists. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. Plate and map 90.3. ISBN 0691120706.
  6. 1 2 3 Fagan, Jesse; Komar, Oliver (2016). Field Guide to Birds of Northern Central America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 372–373. ISBN 978-0-544-37326-6.
  7. 1 2 3 Garrigues, Richard; Dean, Robert (2007). The Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca: Zona Tropical/Comstock/Cornell University Press. pp. 308–309. ISBN 978-0-8014-7373-9.
  8. 1 2 Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. p. 632.
  9. ↑ Foster, Mercedes S. (2007). "The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico". Bird Conservation International. 17 (1): 45–61. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000554.
  10. ↑ Echeverry-Galvis, María Ángela; Córdoba-Córdoba, Sergio (2006). "Descripción del huevo del saltátor collarejo (Saltator cinctus) y comentarios preliminares sobre huevos del género Saltator" [Description of the egg of the Masked Saltator (S. cinctus) and preliminary comments on the eggs of the genus Saltator] (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología (in Spanish). 16 (1): 76–84.
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