Bill Woodcock

Bill Woodcock
Woodcock in 2001
Born
William Edward Woodcock IV

(1971-08-16) 16 August 1971
San Francisco, California, US
Alma materUniversity of California, Santa Cruz
Known for
TitleExecutive Director, Packet Clearing House
President, WoodyNet
Chairman, Quad9
CEO, EcoTruc and EcoRace
Parents
  • William Edward Woodcock III
  • Charlene Louise Mayne
ASN
  • 42

William Edward Woodcock IV (born August 16, 1971 in San Francisco, California, US) is the Secretary General of Packet Clearing House,[1] the international organization responsible for providing operational support and security to critical Internet infrastructure, including Internet exchange points and the core of the domain name system; the chairman of the Foundation Council of Quad9;[2] the president of WoodyNet;[3] and the CEO of EcoTruc and EcoRace,[4] companies developing electric vehicle technology for work and motorsport. Bill founded one of the earliest Internet service providers, and is best known for his 1989 development of the anycast routing technique that is now ubiquitous in Internet content distribution networks and the domain name system. [5][6]

Activities

Early electronic prepress

BMUG Disk Catalog 1989, the first known example of direct database-to-negative publishing. Collaborating with programmer Greg Dow, Woodcock published the annual catalog of BMUG's software archive using FileMaker output display templates to image direct to the film from which the plates were burned.

Woodcock entered the computer industry via the advent of desktop publishing. He was doing prepress work for the University of California Press when the Macintosh computer was released in 1984, and he switched to the then-nascent field of desktop publishing and electronic prepress. In 1985, he began working with AppleTalk networks, necessary to interconnect Macintosh computers running desktop publishing software with the digital imagesetters which produce the plates from which books are printed, and by 1986 he was speaking on the subject of desktop publishing and electronic prepress at conferences.[6]

Beginning in 1985, Woodcock volunteered with the Berkeley Macintosh Users Group (BMUG), providing technical assistance to its members, working on the production of its biannual newsletters, and assisting Bernard Aboba with the administration of its FidoNet-node BBS and moderating the global MacNetAdmin echo.[7][8] In 1989, he collaborated with BMUG Programming SIG chair Greg Dow to produce what may be the first instance of Database publishing: a catalog of BMUG's shareware archive, printed directly from a FileMaker database to negatives on a LinoTronic 300 PostScript imagesetter.

Woodcock continued his interest in publishing through college and beyond, studying Book Arts at the University of California, Santa Cruz Cowell Press under George Kane,[6][9] doing the illustrations for his book Networking the Macintosh,[10] and subsequently collaborating with his publisher parents[11] to provide book designs and cover art for some of their books. Woodcock was one of the founders of Netsurfer Digest, the first online periodical about the World Wide Web, and served as its production manager from 1994 through 2005.[12]

Early Internet engineering

In 1987, Woodcock began building the dot-com era Internet backbone network Zocalo,[13] which had its origins in the toasternet[14] he began constructing while working at Farallon Computing in the mid-1980s. When the network grew to encompass Santa Cruz as well as Berkeley in 1989, he began using anycast routing to distribute network traffic between the servers in the two locations.[6] Throughout the 1990s, he continued to pioneer IP anycast IGP and EGP-based topological load-balancing techniques.[15] Together with Mark Kosters he proposed at the 1996 Montreal IEPG that the root DNS servers be migrated to IP anycast, and this work has provided the basis upon which root DNS servers have been deployed since the late 1990s.[16][17]

In the early 2000s, Woodcock was an early proponent of reputation-based routing security and encapsulated much of that work in the "Prefix-List Sanity Checker" toolset which was used by most of the largest Internet networks to validate proposed BGP routing announcements in the interregnum between the RPSL and RPKI eras.[18][19]

In 2010 and 2011, with Rick Lamb, who had previously built the signing system that places DNSSEC cryptographic signatures on the DNS root zone, Woodcock built the first global-scale FIPS 140-2 Level 4 DNSSEC signing infrastructure, with locations in Singapore, Zurich, and San Jose.[20][21] Woodcock has also done networking protocol development work,[22][23] and has developed networking products for Cisco, Agilent,[24] and Farallon.

Cybersecurity and critical infrastructure

Bill Woodcock, Hillar Aarelaid and Kurtis Lindqvist on the night of Tuesday, May 8, 2007, in the CERT-EE operations center, as the Russian cyber-attack on Estonia began

In 2001, together with Sean Donelan and John Todd, Woodcock constructed the "Inter-Network Operations Center Dial-By-Autonomous-System-Number" (INOC-DBA) infrastructure protection hotline communications system.[25] At its peak, it interconnected more than 2,800 NOCs and CERTs, and was notably the first inter-carrier SIP VoIP network, and the first telephone network of any kind to provide service on all seven continents.[26]

Woodcock was one of the two international liaisons in Estonia assisting Hillar Aarelaid and the CERT-EE during Russia's 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia by coordinating the international effort to intercept and block inbound attack traffic before it reached the Estonian border.[27][28][29]

When Russia conducted a subsequent cyber-attack against Georgia in 2008, in parallel with a conventional military attack, Woodcock was widely quoted in the press as an analyst of nation-state cyber warfare, stating that military cyber attacks would likely continue, because "you could fund an entire cyberwarfare campaign for the cost of replacing a tank tread,"[30][31] and that "any modern warfare will include a cyber-warfare component,"[32] but cautioning that precise attribution is difficult: "You'll never be able to establish who was sitting in front of a computer from which an attack originates."[33]

In 2017, Woodcock was appointed to the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace, and served on the commission until its successful conclusion in 2019, participating in the drafting of its eight norms related to non-aggression in cyberspace.

In the wake of the six major Caribbean hurricanes of 2017, which included two Category 5 hurricanes and destroyed critical communications infrastructure in ten Caribbean countries, Woodcock worked with Bernadette Lewis, Bevil Wooding and others to establish the Commission on Caribbean Communications Resilience, served as a commissioner for two years, and assisted in the drafting of its final recommendations.[34][35]

Policy positions

Woodcock has become an outspoken advocate of regulation of the use of artificial intelligence in the public interest, taking positions against the use of AI to exploit human psychological weaknesses,[36][37] against delegating "kill chain" decisions to military AI, and regarding AI and increasing socioeconomic inequities, saying, for example,

"The degree of integration of AI into daily life depends very much on wealth. People whose personal digital devices are day-trading for them, doing the grocery shopping, and sending greeting cards on their behalf, are living a different life than those who are worried about missing a day at one of their three jobs due to being sick, losing their job, and being unable to feed their children. AI are not the problem, but the trend toward greater social divide leaves a larger portion of the world's population in poverty and unable to garner any advantage from self-driving cars or robot vacuum cleaners."[38]

...and regarding the use of AI to intermediate human communication through "filter bubbles":

"The single most important factor in improving the quality of digital life and the trajectory of digital interaction is the disintermediation of human communication: The removal of the agents with separate and competing agendas, like Facebook and Twitter, that have positioned themselves between people who could otherwise be engaging directly in civil discourse. This requires decentralization, federation and the empowerment of the users of digital technology to act on their own behalf."[39]

Woodcock advocates in favor of regulation in the public interest, particularly regulation of constrained resources like IPv4 addresses[40] and public rights-of-way.[41] At the same time, he has advocated for permissionless new market entry in cases like those of Internet service providers[42] and Internet exchange points,[43] where no constrained resources are inherently consumed and the value of innovation is high. He has advocated for a nuanced view of "Internet Balkanization" or fragmentation since at least 2013, as in this reference to Brazil's rapid construction of Internet infrastructure:

"Despite the clear benefits of these developments for Brazilians, their government's statements have been shrilly and incorrectly branded as extreme and decried as Soviet socialism by some U.S. media. This is largely due to a misimpression that what Brazil is doing is cutting itself off from the Internet or balkanizing the Internet -- when in reality, it's building more Internet faster. Critics fail to understand that the path Brazil is taking was blazed in the United States. While Brazil may engage in aggressive rhetoric, its actions are sound."[44]

...and has argued in favor of less heated rhetoric regarding national Internet infrastructure initiatives and controls in China, Russia, Egypt,[45] Iran,[46] Georgia, and Estonia[47] as well.

Bill Woodcock lecturing on Internet routing economics, 2018

Woodcock is a noted advocate for competitive telecommunication marketplaces, frequently speaking and publishing on the topics of new market entry and the benefits which increased competition in Internet access markets bring to users, in the form of improved performance and lower costs. These positions have informed and generally been adopted as best-practices by the OECD in its recommendations to member countries on telecommunications regulation and legislation.[48][49] Supporting that work, in 2011 he produced the first-ever survey of the peering connections between Internet networks, characterizing more than 142,000 such agreements,[50] and followed up with a second survey of 1.9 million peering connections in 2016.[51][52]

Advocacy

In 1997 and 1998, Woodcock and J. D. Falk worked with the California legislature [53][54] to enact the world's first anti-spam legislation, Assembly Bill 1629, which was enacted as California Business and Professions Code 17538.45, and was subsequently used as the basis for the United States federal anti-spam law.[55][56]

In the wake of the ITU's December 2012 World Conference on International Telecommunications, which he characterized as an attempted take-over of the institutions of Internet governance, Woodcock published a number of secret ITU budget documents and acted as point-person in an effort to redirect USD 11M in US government funds from ITU contributions to support of the multistakeholder model of Internet governance.[57] This effort centered on a "We the People" petition and an explanatory web site,[58] and, although ultimately unsuccessful, received much favorable attention in the press and Internet governance community.[59]

In 2019 and 2020, Woodcock organized the successful opposition to the attempted $1.1bn sale of the .ORG top-level domain to private equity firm Ethos Capital, and serves on the board of directors of the Cooperative Corporation of dot-Org Registrants (CCOR).[60][61][62]

In March, 2022, Woodcock was one of the lead authors, along with Bart Groothuis, Eva Kaili, Marina Kaljurand, Steve Crocker, Jeff Moss, Runa Sandvik, John Levine, Moez Chakchouk and some eighty other members of the Internet governance and cybersecurity community, of an open letter entitled Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions.[63] The letter outlines a set of principles governing the imposition of Internet-related sanctions and describes the mechanism being built to operationalize the sanction mechanism. The letter was occasioned by a request from the Ukrainian Ministry of Digital Transformation to ICANN and RIPE, requesting that Russia's top-level domains and IP addresses be revoked.[64] The letter advocates more effective sanctions, more narrowly focused on military and propaganda targets, and avoiding collateral effects upon civilians[65][66][67] and features a four-page annex evaluating different technical mechanisms by which Internet-related sanctions could be imposed.

Board memberships

Current

Past

Books and writings

Woodcock's published work includes many PCH white-papers,[91] the 1993 McGraw-Hill book Networking the Macintosh,[10] the report of the ANF AppleTalk Tunneling Architectures Working Group, which he chaired in 1993 and 1994, many articles in Network World, MacWorld, MacWEEK, Connections, and other networking journals and periodicals.[92] In addition, he was principal author of the Multicast DNS[22] and Operator Requirements of Infrastructure Management Methods[23][93] IETF drafts, and contributed to the IP anycast RFC.

References

  1. 1 2 "Packet Clearing House: Nonprofit Profile". guidestar.org. Guidestar. 2003. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  2. 1 2 "Quad9 Foundation Council". quad9.net. Archived from the original on 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  3. ↑ "ARIN : AS715 Registration Information". Archived from the original on 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  4. ↑ "Connected vehicles: net governance and autonomous transport". Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  5. ↑ "Bill Woodcock, Packet Clearing House". blackhat.com. black hat. 2018-03-20. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Perry, Tekla (2005-02-01). "Bill Woodcock: On an Internet Odyssey". IEEE. IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  7. ↑ Rowe, Jonathan (25 August 1989). "Business Suits, Briefcases Invade Macintosh Mecca". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  8. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (1 March 2021). "My homelab, c. 1993". Archived from the original on 2021-12-01.
  9. ↑ "George R. Kane". Santa Cruz Sentinel. 19 December 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  10. 1 2 Woodcock, Bill (1993). Networking the Macintosh: a step-by-step guide to using AppleTalk in business environments. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070716838.
  11. ↑ Bradley, Bruce. "William Woodcock III collection". PrimTech. Archived from the original on 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  12. ↑ "Netsurfer Digest". Netsurfer Digest. 1 (1). 3 June 1994. Archived from the original on 2008-09-05.
  13. ↑ "Full-Service Internet Connectivity for Business". Zocalo. 1996-12-27. Archived from the original on 1996-12-27. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
  14. ↑ Engst, Adam (18 January 2013). "Netter's Dinner Declares Success, Shuts Down". TidBits. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  15. ↑ Eddy, Wesley; Ishac, Joseph. "Comparison of IPv6 and IPv4 Features". IETF. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
  16. ↑ "June 1996 IEPG Meeting". Internet Engineering and Planning Group. 23 June 1996. Archived from the original on 2006-08-23. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  17. ↑ Sengupta, Somini (31 March 2012). "Warned of an Attack on the Internet, and Getting Ready". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  18. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (6 February 2007). Prefix-List Sanity-Checker:A Free Online Tool by and for Network Operators (video). Toronto, Canada: North American Network Operators Group. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  19. ↑ Woodcock, Bill. "Prefix-List Sanity-Checker: A Free Online Tool by and for Network Operators" (PDF). North American Network Operators Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  20. ↑ Markoff, John (2011-06-24). "A Stronger Net Security System Is Deployed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  21. ↑ "Internet Groups Inaugurate First of Three Cyber Security Facilities". www.circleid.com. Archived from the original on 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  22. 1 2 Manning, Bill; Woodcock, Bill (August 2000), "Multicast Domain Name Service", Ietf Datatracker, IETF, archived from the original on 2021-06-12, retrieved 2021-06-29
  23. 1 2 Woodcock, Bill (November 30, 2001), Operator Requirements of Infrastructure Management Methods, IETF, archived from the original on June 2, 2021, retrieved May 31, 2021
  24. ↑ Woodcock, William (7 December 2001). "Method and system for determining autonomous system transit volumes". US Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  25. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (28 October 2002). INOC-DBA Hotline Phone System Announcement (video). Eugene, Oregon, US: North American Network Operators Group. Event occurs at 5:43. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  26. ↑ Stapleton-Gray, Ross (2009). Inter-Network Operations Center Dial-by-ASN (INOC-DBA), a Resource for the Network Operator Community. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 978-0-7695-3568-5.
  27. ↑ Landler, Mark; Markoff, John (2007-05-29). "Digital Fears Emerge After Data Siege in Estonia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  28. ↑ Davis, Joshua (2007-08-21). "Hackers Take Down the Most Wired Country in Europe". Wired. Archived from the original on 2014-03-16. Retrieved 2021-05-26. At 10 pm on Tuesday, May 8, Lindqvist, Fältström, and Woodcock arrived at the downtown Tallinn office building that housed CERT headquarters. It was a geek dream team, with the attitude to match. Woodcock, who had spent years traveling through Europe, Africa, and Asia helping to set up Internet infrastructures, sauntered into the operations center wearing bison-skin boots handcrafted for him in Montana. Woodcock hoisted his laptop into the air. He called Aarelaid and Lindqvist over, took a picture with the built-in camera, and sent it out to the network to prove to the Vetted that Aarelaid was for real... As Aarelaid identified a specific address, Woodcock and Lindqvist sent rapid-fire emails to network operators throughout the world asking for the IP to be blocked at the source. One by one, they picked off the bots, and by dawn they had deflected the attackers. "I was very, very lucky that Kurtis, Patrik, and Bill were here," Aarelaid says.
  29. ↑ Laasme, Häly (2011-10-15). "Estonia: Cyber Window into the Future of NATO". ndu.edu. National Defense University. Archived from the original on 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  30. ↑ Markoff, John (12 August 2008). "Before the Gunfire, Cyberattacks". New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  31. ↑ Wortham, Jenna (6 August 2009). "Online Attack Silences Twitter for Much of Day". New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  32. ↑ Gitlin, Martin; Goldstein, Margaret J. (April 2015). Cyber Attack. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 9781467725125.
  33. ↑ Shachtman, Noah (January 2009). "Cyber Attack Flares Up in Eastern Europe". Discover. 30 (1): 48.
  34. ↑ "Terms of Reference". Commission on Caribbean Communications Resilience. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  35. ↑ "The Commissioners". Commission on Caribbean Communications Resilience. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  36. ↑ Anderson, Janna; Rainie, Lee (10 December 2018). "Solutions to address AI's anticipated negative impacts". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  37. ↑ Anderson, Janna; Rainie, Lee (16 June 2021). "Worries about developments in AI". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  38. ↑ Smith, Aaron; Anderson, Janna (6 August 2014). "AI, Robotics, and the Future of Jobs" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  39. ↑ Anderson, Janna; Rainie, Lee. "Visions of the Internet in 2035" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  40. ↑ Ermert, Monika (17 May 2013). "Dispute over future IP address policy – stop managing scarcity?". Intellectual Property Watch. Heise.
  41. ↑ Woodcock, Bill; Weller, Dennis (29 January 2013). "Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges". OECD Digital Economy Papers. doi:10.1787/20716826. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  42. ↑ Van der Berg, Rudolf (22 October 2012). "Internet traffic exchange: 2 billion users and it's done on a handshake". Insights. OECD. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  43. ↑ Best, Gerard (29 September 2009). "Trinidad IXP Symposium Brings Prospect of a Faster Internet Nearer". Sightline. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  44. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (20 September 2013). "On Internet, Brazil is beating US at its own game". AlJazeera America. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  45. ↑ Singel, Ryan (18 February 2011). "Report: Egypt Shut Down Net With Big Switch, Not Phone Calls". Wired. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  46. ↑ Timberg, Craig (6 April 2015). "Tech investments show an Iran eager to end isolation". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  47. ↑ Healey, Jason (22 October 2013). "WS242 Lessons from Cyber Conflict History". Internet Governance Forum. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  48. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (23 October 2012). "Internet Traffic Exchange Market Developments and Policy Challenges" (PDF). North American Network Operators Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  49. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (29 January 2013). "Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges" (PDF). OECD Digital Economy Papers (27). doi:10.1787/5k918gpt130q-en. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  50. ↑ Woodcock, Bill; Adhikari, Vijay (May 2, 2011). "PCH Peering Survey 2011" (PDF). Packet Clearing House. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  51. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (6 February 2017). "2016 Survey of Internet Carrier Interconnection Agreements" (PDF). North American Network Operators Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  52. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (6 February 2017). PCH 2016 Survey of Interconnection Agreements (video). Washington DC, US: North American Network Operators Group. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  53. ↑ Foster, Ed (14 December 1998). "Individual States offer a glimmer of hope in the fight against junk e-mail". InfoWorld. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  54. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (4 May 2002). "Re: anybody else been spammed by "no-ip.com" yet?". NANOG mailing list archive. North American Network Operators Group. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  55. ↑ "California Code, Business and Professions Code - BPC § 17538.45". California Business and Professions Code. State of California. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  56. ↑ Rodriguez, Karen (14 May 2000). "Federal lawmakers propose bill to end spam". San Jose Business Journal. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  57. ↑ Ackerman, Elise. "The U.N. Fought The Internet -- And The Internet Won; WCIT Summit In Dubai Ends". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2019-10-04. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  58. ↑ "De-fund the ITU!". defundtheitu.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  59. ↑ Blue, Violet. "UN plans Internet governance amid outcry to defund ITU". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2022-06-07. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  60. ↑ Orenstein, Natalie (2020-01-16). "A private equity firm wants to buy '.org' for $1 billion. A Berkeley-based cooperative says, 'not so fast'". berkeleyside.org. Archived from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  61. ↑ Menn, Joseph (2020-01-07). "Internet nonprofit leaders fight deal to sell control of .org domain". cnbc.com. Archived from the original on 2020-06-11.
  62. ↑ "CCOR: A Better Way for .ORG". Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  63. ↑ Woodcock, Bill; Groothuis, Bart; Kaljurand, Marina; Crocker, Steve; et al. (10 March 2022). "Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions" (PDF). Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  64. ↑ Fedorov, Mykhailo (28 February 2022). "Correspondence to ICANN" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  65. ↑ Bajak, Frank (10 March 2022). "Experts: How to impose internet sanctions on Russia". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  66. ↑ Timberg, Craig (10 March 2022). "Internet experts suggest ways to selectively block Russian military and propaganda sites". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  67. ↑ Claburn, Thomas (10 March 2022). "Ukraine invasion: We should consider internet sanctions, says ICANN ex-CEO". The Register. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  68. ↑ "Oversight Board". The Internet Sanctions Project. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  69. ↑ "Articles of Incorporation of the Cooperative Corporation of .ORG Registrants". sos.ca.gov. California Secretary of State. 2020-01-09. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  70. ↑ Sammallahti, Leo (2020-05-25). "The co-op that blocked the sale of the .org domain to private equity has a plan to democratise large parts of the internet". coop.exchange. COOP Exchange. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
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  73. ↑ Easterly, Jen [@CISAJen] (11 March 2022). "Super psyched & grateful to announce that @dinodaizovi, @effffn, @kurtopsahl, @runasand, @Zardus, @RachelTobac, @dwizzzleMSFT, @woodyatpch, @bcrypt & Isiah Jones will be part of our @CISAgov Technical Advisory Council led by @thedarktangent" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  74. ↑ "CleanerDNS, d.b.a. Quad9: Nonprofit Profile". guidestar.org. Guidestar. 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  75. ↑ "CleanerDNS Articles of Incorporation". sos.ca.gov. California Secretary of State. 2016-12-24. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
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  77. ↑ "American Registry for Internet Numbers: Board of Trustees". arin.net. American Registry for Internet Numbers. 2016-11-11. Archived from the original on 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
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  80. ↑ Best, Gerard (2017-12-10). "New commission formed to improve Caribbean communications resilience". dominicanewsonline.com. Dominica News Online. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31. "Packet Clearing House is honoured to be participating in this effort," said Bill Woodcock, who is the executive director of PCH, and one of the ten commissioners. "The scale of the devastation wrought by this season's hurricanes is unmatched in recent communications history. Having two entire countries go offline through the critical period of evacuation and humanitarian relief is a failure that cannot be allowed to happen again, and the challenge that climate change presents in the Caribbean will continue to increase in future years."
  81. ↑ "Number Resource Organization : Response to the IANA Stewardship Transition Coordination Group Request for Proposals on the IANA from the Internet Number Community". 16 January 2015. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  82. ↑ "ITU Plenipotentiary Conference PP-14, Busan Korea, Final list of participants" (PDF). itu.int. International Telecommunication Union. 2014-11-25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
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  85. ↑ The Internet Capacity Development Consortium: A Platform for Developing-Country Internet Technology Deployment Archived 2018-10-24 at the Wayback Machine sanog.org
  86. ↑ "State of California Nonprofit Statement of Information". California Secretary of State. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  87. ↑ "Public Interest Registry Advisory Council". Archived from the original on 2005-12-10.
  88. ↑ "Berkeley Telecommunications Task Force meeting minutes". Archived from the original on 2002-11-13. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  89. ↑ Whitney, Susan (21 April 1998). "NetProfessional Selects Editorial Board". mactech.com. Xplain Corporation. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  90. ↑ "Bill Woodcock Biography". IEEE. IEEE. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  91. ↑ Woodcock, Bill. "Packet Clearing House: Papers". pch.net. Archived from the original on 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  92. ↑ "Munal". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
  93. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (23 October 2001). IETF NM/Ops Update: Operator Requirements of Infrastructure Management Methods (video). Oakland, California, US: North American Network Operators Group. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
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