Bear River cutthroat trout

Bear River cutthroat trout
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Division: Teleostei
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Genus: Oncorhynchus
Species:
O. virginalis
Subspecies:
O. v. ssp
Trinomial name
Oncorhynchus virginalis ssp

Bear River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus virginalis ssp.) is an unofficially recognized subspecies of Rocky Mountain cutthroat trout native to the Bear River watershed in Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming.[1] Currently, Bear River cutthroat trout are classified as Bonneville cutthroat trout owing to the shared presence in the Bonneville basin.[2] However, research illustrates that Bear River cutthroat trout are genetically distinct from Bonneville cutthroat trout and are more closely related to Yellowstone cutthroat trout[2][3][4][5][6] Given these findings, a 2018 panel of the American Fisheries Society panel recognized Bear River cutthroat trout as warranting designation as subspecies separate from Bonneville cutthroat trout,[1] but a formal proposal to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System has not been made yet.


Natural history

The Bear River cutthroat's origin is the result of a complex geologic history along the shifting margins of the Great Basin and the Snake River watersheds in southeastern Idaho. The Bear River was historically a tributary to the Snake River, which flowed along the course currently occupied by the Portneuf River (possibly earlier in the Blackfoot River).[7][8] During this connection with the snake river, the ancestral Yellowstone cutthroat trout which, occupies the snake river watershed, where also present within the Bear river watershed.[9] However, roughly 500,000 years ago, basalt flows blocked the ancestral path of the Bear River near Soda Springs in the Gem Valley-Blackfoot lava field rerouted the river into the historical Lake Thatcher in southern Gem Valley, Idaho.[7][8] Beginning a period of isolation of the ancestral bear river cutthroat in the bear from the greater Yellowstone cutthroat trout populations. 140,000 year ago, volcanic activity again reconnected the Bear River back into the Snake River watershed.[7] Only to be avulsed again into Lake Thatcher's watershed 50,000 years ago.[7][8] During this period, Lake Thatcher began to spill over and erode a low divide between the Bear River Mountains and the Portneuf Range, beginning the erosion of the Oneida Narrows Canyon.[7][8] By 20,000 years ago, the incision through Oneida Narrow Canyon was completed setting the bear river in its current course into the Bonneville Basin.[7] As a result of these periods of connection to and isolation resulted in the distinct Bear River cutthroat trout[2][9][3]

Management and ecology

Given Bear River cutthroat genetic distinction from Bonneville Cutthroat, state management agencies management plans manage for Bear river cutthroat trout as distinct from Bonneville Cutthroat trout and reframe from stocking Bonneville cutthroat trout within the Bear River watershed.[10][11][12] However, Bear river cutthroat have not yet been formally recognized as a distinct subspecies[1]

Like other cutthroat trout subspecies, the Bear River cutthroat trout suffered from declines over from a variety of causes including competition and predation from nonnative species,[13] hybridization with nonnative Salmonids,[14] habitat alteration, fragmentation, and entrainment associated with water development.[15][16] However, ongoing restoration have had success in recovering lost populations[17] and naturally produced fish now compose 70% of the Bear Lake population, up from 5% in 2001.

The lacustrine morphotype (Bear Lake cutthroat trout) are highly piscivorous and are the historical apex predator in Bear Lake.[18] The Bear lake cutthroat trout is one of a few salmonids known to gain weight over the winter-time at temperatures that would typically stall growth.[18] This is hypothesized to be an adaptation to allow the Bear River cutthroat trout to take advantage of bonnevile cisco (Prosopium gemmifer) winter-time spawning aggregations.[18] Given the Bear Lake morphs highly-piscivorous behavior, the Bear lake cutthroat trout are stock outside their native range to control nuisance fish populations[19]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Trotter, P; Bisson, P; Schultz, L; Ferraris, C; Smith, G.R.; Stearley, R.F (2018). "A special workshop on the taxonomy and evolutionary biology of cutthroat trout". In Trotter, P; Bisson, P; Schultz, L; Roper, b (eds.). Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy. Special Publication 36. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society. pp. 1–31. doi:10.47886/9781934874509.ch1. ISBN 978-1-934874-50-9.
  2. 1 2 3 Shiozawa, Dennis K.; Evans, R. Paul; Houston, Derek D.; Unmack, Peter J. (2018). "Cutthroat Trout: Evolutionary Biology and Taxonomy". In Shiozawa, Dennis K.; Paul Evans, R.; Houston, Derek D.; Unmack, Peter J. (eds.). Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society. pp. 129–172. doi:10.47886/9781934874509.ch6. ISBN 9781934874509. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. 1 2 Kokkonen, Andrea L.; Searle, Peter C.; Shiozawa, Dennis K.; Evans, R. Paul (2024). "Using de novo transcriptomes to decipher the relationships in cutthroat trout subspecies (Oncorhynchus clarkii)". Evolutionary Applications. 17 (7) e13735. Bibcode:2024EvApp..17E3735K. doi:10.1111/eva.13735. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 11239772. PMID 39006004.
  4. ↑ Loudenslager, Eric J.; Gall, G. A. E. (1980). "Geographic Patterns of Protein Variation and Subspeciation in Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki". Systematic Zoology. 29 (1): 27–42. Bibcode:1980SysZ...29...27L. doi:10.2307/2412624. ISSN 0039-7989. JSTOR 2412624.
  5. ↑ Martin, Mark A.; Shiozawa, Dennis K.; Loudenslager, Eric J.; Jensen, J. Neil (1985). "Electrophoretic Study of Cutthroat Trout Populations in Utah". The Great Basin Naturalist. 45 (4): 677–687. ISSN 0017-3614. JSTOR 41712173.
  6. ↑ Loxterman, Janet L.; Keeley, Ernest R. (2012-03-19). "Watershed boundaries and geographic isolation: patterns of diversification in cutthroat trout from western North America". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (1): 38. Bibcode:2012BMCEE..12...38L. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-38. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3320548. PMID 22429757.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Link, Paul Karl; Kaufman, Darrell S.; Thackray, Glenn D (1999). "Field Guide to Pleistocene Lakes Thatcher and Bonneville and the Bonneville Flood, Southeastern Idaho". In Hughes, Scott S.; Thackray, Glenn D. (eds.). Guidebook to the Geology of Eastern Idaho. Pocatello, Idaho: ISU Press. pp. 251–267. ISBN 0-937834-64-5.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Pederson, J.L.; Janecke, S.U.; Reheis, M.C.; Kaufman, D.S.; Oaks, R.Q. (2016), "The Bear River's History and Diversion: Constraints, Unsolved Problems, and Implications for the Lake Bonneville Record", in Oviatt, C.G.; Shroder, J.F. (eds.), Developments in Earth Surface Processes, vol. 20, Elsevier, pp. 28–59, Bibcode:2016DvESP..20...28P, doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63590-7.00002-0, ISBN 9780444635907
  9. 1 2 Smith, G.R; Dowling, T; Gobalet, K.W.; Lugaski, T; Shiozawa, D; Evans, R.P (2002). "Biogeography and Timing of Evolutionary Events among Great Basin Fishes". In Hershler, R.; Madsen, D.B.; Currey, D.R. (eds.). Great Basin Aquatic Systems History. Number 33. Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Sciences. pp. 175–234. doi:10.5479/si.00810274.33.1.
  10. ↑ Teuscher, D., and Capurso, J. 2007. Management Plan for Conservation of Bonneville Cutthroat Trout in Idaho. Idaho Fish and Game. Available from https://idfg.idaho.gov/old-web/docs/fish/planBonCutthroat.pdf.
  11. ↑ Idaho Department of Fish and Game. 2022. Management Plan for the Conservation of Bonneville Cutthroat Trout in Idaho. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, USA.
  12. ↑ Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. 2019. BONNEVILLE CUTTHROAT TROUT RANGE-WIDE CONSERVATION AGREEMENT AND STRATEGY. Publication Number 18-11, Utah Department of Natural Resources, Salt Lake City, Utah.
  13. ↑ Ruzycki, James R.; Wurtsbaugh, Wayne A.; Luecke, Chris (November 2001). "Salmonine Consumption and Competition for Endemic Prey Fishes in Bear Lake, Utah–Idaho". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 130 (6): 1175–1189. Bibcode:2001TrAFS.130.1175R. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<1175:SCACFE>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0002-8487.
  14. ↑ Meyer, Kevin; Hillyard, Ryan W.; Campbell, Matthew R. (2022). "Detecting Rainbow Trout Introgression in Bonneville Cutthroat Trout of the Bear River Basin Using Field-Based Phenotypic Characteristics". Western North American Naturalist. 82 (1): 117–127. Bibcode:2022WNAN...82..111M. doi:10.3398/064.082.0111.
  15. ↑ Heller, Megan R.; Dillon, Jeffrey C.; Tolentino, Scott A.; Watkins, Carson J.; Quist, Michael C. (2022). "Population Dynamics and Harvest Management of the Bonneville Cutthroat Trout Fishery in Bear Lake, Idaho–Utah". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 42 (3): 701–712. Bibcode:2022NAJFM..42..701H. doi:10.1002/nafm.10769. ISSN 0275-5947.
  16. ↑ Schrank, Amy J; Rahel, Frank J (2004). "Movement patterns in inland cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki utah): management and conservation implications". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 61 (8): 1528–1537. Bibcode:2004CJFAS..61.1528S. doi:10.1139/f04-097. ISSN 0706-652X.
  17. ↑ Budy, Phaedra E.; Walsworth, Timothy; Thiede, Gary P.; Thompson, Paul D.; McKell, Matthew D.; Holden, Paul B.; Chase, Paul D.; Saunders, W. Carl (February 2021). "Resilient and rapid recovery of native trout after removal of a non-native trout". Conservation Science and Practice. 3 (2) e325. Bibcode:2021ConSP...3E.325B. doi:10.1111/csp2.325. ISSN 2578-4854.
  18. 1 2 3 Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (2002). "Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarki". In Scott, George (ed.). Trout and salmon of North America. New York: Free Press. pp. 137–234. ISBN 978-0-7432-2220-4.
  19. ↑ Winters, Lisa K.; Budy, Phaedra; Thiede, Gary P. (2017-04-01). "Earning their Stripes: The Potential of Tiger Trout and Other Salmonids as Biological Controls of Forage Fishes in a Western Reservoir". North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 37 (2): 380–394. Bibcode:2017NAJFM..37..380W. doi:10.1080/02755947.2016.1264509. ISSN 0275-5947.
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