Arianta arbustorum
| Arianta arbustorum | |
|---|---|
.JPG) | |
| Live Arianta arbustorum | |
.jpeg) | |
| Shell of Arianta arbustorum (syntype at MNHN, Paris) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Helicidae |
| Genus: | Arianta |
| Species: | A. arbustorum |
| Binomial name | |
| Arianta arbustorum | |
 | |
| Synonyms | |
Arianta arbustorum, sometimes known as the copse snail, is a medium-sized species of pulmonate land snail in the family Helicidae.[4]
Subspecies
Several subspecies are recognized by some authors:
- Arianta arbustorum alpicola Férussac, 1821
- Arianta arbustorum arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Arianta arbustorum canigonensis (Boubée, 1833)
- Arianta arbustorum picea
- Arianta arbustorum pseudorudis (Schlesch, 1924)
- Arianta arbustorum repellini (Reeve, 1852)
- Arianta arbustorum styriaca (Frauenfeld, 1868)
- Arianta arbustorum vareliensis Ripken & Falkner, 2000
Distribution
This species is native to Europe:
- Northwestern and central Europe, including the Alps and the Carpathians.[5]
- Netherlands[6]
- Austria
- Czech Republic
- Slovakia
- Poland
- Switzerland, where it is one of the most frequent species of land snails. It can be very abundant, reaching up to 20 adults per square meter.[5]
- Eastern Pyrenees, Spain[5]
- Norway[5]
- Iceland[5]
- Faroe Islands[7]
- The British Isles: Great Britain and Ireland[5] In Britain, the species suffered slightly from intensive farming and the continuous destruction of suitable uncultivated refuge space.[5] It is rare in Ireland.[5]
- Kaliningrad[5]
- Finland. In Finland, it has become so common in the Porvoo region east of Helsinki, that it is locally called the "Porvoo snail".
- Estonia[5]
- Latvia[5]
- Scattered to Serbia[5]
- Bulgaria[5] It is rare in Bulgaria.[5]
- Western Ukraine[5]
Arianta arbustorum has been introduced to North America but is only known from Canada, where established populations are found in Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Prince Edward Island.[8]
This species has not yet become established in the US, but it is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA.[9]
Description
The shell is usually brown with numerous rows of pale yellowish spots and with a brown band above the periphery, occasionally yellowish, reddish or with greenish hue, weakly striated and with fine spiral lines on the upper side.[5] The shell has 5–5.5 convex whorls with a deep suture.[5] The last whorl slightly descends near the aperture.[5] The aperture has a prominent white lip inside.[5] The apertural margin is reflected.[5] Umbilicus is entirely covered by the reflected columellar margin.[5]
The width of the shell is 18–25 mm.[5] The height of the shell is 12–22 mm.[5] Dimensions are locally variable.[5]
The shell shape is globular in most present-day populations, but it is believed to have been depressed during the Pleistocene. Before lowlands were colonized and the shells became globular, the species re-invaded mountain regions, except for a few isolated spots among glaciers.[5]
The animal is usually black in color.[5]
Life cycle
Arianta arbustorum lives in forests and open habitats of any kind.[5] It requires humidity.[5] It also lives in disturbed habitats (not in Ireland where it is restricted to old native woodland).[5] It may locally tolerate non-calcareous substrate, in north Scotland also on sandhills.[5] It is found at elevations up to 2,700 m in the Alps, 1,200 m in Britain, and 1,500 m in Bulgaria.[5]
It feeds on green herbs, dead animals and faeces.[5]
If snails hatch more than 50 m apart, they are considered isolated, since they rarely move more than 25 m (neighbourhood area 32–50 m); usually, they move about 7–12 m in a year, mostly along water currents.[5]
This species of snail makes and uses calcareous love darts during mating. Reproduction is usually after copulation, but self-fertilization is also possible.[5] The size of the egg is 3.2 mm.[10] Maturity is reached after 2–4 years.[5] The maximum age is up to 14 years.[5]
Angiostrongylus vasorum has been used to experimentally infect this snail.[11]
Prevention
Metaldehyde and iron phosphate can be used to exterminate snails.[12] Since copper generates electric shocks that make it difficult for snails to move, it serves as a barrier.[13]
References
- This article incorporates public domain text from the reference:[5]
- ↑ Neubert, E.; Falkner, G.; Falkner, M.; von Proschwitz, T. (2025). "Arianta arbustorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T156468A220166021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T156468A220166021.en. Retrieved 12 May 2026.
- ↑ NatureServe. "Arianta arbustorum". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 12 May 2026.
- ↑ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp. [1-4], 1-824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
- ↑ MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Arianta arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1003358 on 2021-02-23
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Species summary for Arianta arbustorum. AnimalBase, last modified 25 August 2010, accessed 8 October 2010.
- ↑ (in Dutch) Arianta arbustorum — Anemoon
- ↑ New snail found in the Faroe Islands
- ↑ McAlpine, D.F., & R.G. Forsyth. 2014. Occurrence of the Copse Snail, Arianta arbustorum (Helicidae) on Prince Edward Island: an addition to the North American range of a purported potential pest. Northeastern Naturalist 21(1):N5–N7.
- ↑ Cowie R. H., Dillon R. T., Robinson D. G. & Smith J. W. (2009). "Alien non-marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the United States: A preliminary risk assessment". American Malacological Bulletin 27: 113-132. PDF Archived 16 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Heller J.: Life History Strategies. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited page: 428.
- ↑ Conboy G. A. (30 May 2000) "Canine Angiostrongylosis (French Heartworm)". In: Bowman D. D. (Ed.) Companion and Exotic Animal Parasitology. International Veterinary Information Service. Accessed 24 November 2009.
- ↑ Support, Extension Web (25 February 2008). "Less toxic iron phosphate slug bait proves effective". Extension Communications. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
- ↑ Smith, Zach (4 May 2021). "How to Get Rid of Snails In Your House and Garden [2023]". Smith's Pest Management. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
- Kerney, M.P., Cameron, R.A.D. & Jungbluth, J-H. (1983). Die Landschnecken Nord- und Mitteleuropas. Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Biologen und Naturfreunde, 384 pp., 24 plates. [Summer or later]. Hamburg / Berlin (Paul Parey).
- Bank, R. A.; Neubert, E. (2017). Checklist of the land and freshwater Gastropoda of Europe. Last update: July 16, 2017
- Sysoev, A. V. & Schileyko, A. A. (2009). Land snails and slugs of Russia and adjacent countries. Sofia/Moskva (Pensoft). 312 pp., 142 plates.
External links
- Arianta arbustorum at Animalbase taxonomy, short description, distribution, biology, status (threats), images
- Arianta arbustorum images at Encyclopedia of Life
- Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae
- Pennant, T. (1777). British Zoology, vol. IV. Crustacea. Mollusca. Testacea. London. i-viii, 1-154, Plates 1-93
Studies
- Baur, Anette; Baur, Bruno (2005) Interpopulation variation in the prevalence and intensity of parasitic mite infection in the land snail Arianta arbustorum; Invertebrate Biology, Vol. 124 Issue 3, p194-201. 8p. 3 Charts. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2005.00019.x.
- Baur, Bruno & Locher Rolf (1998) Sperm allocation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Animal Behaviour. Oct98, Vol. 56 Issue 4, p839. 7p.
- Baur, Bruno (1986) Patterns of dispersion, density and dispersal in alpine populations of the land snail Arianta arbustorum (L.) (Helicidae). Holarctic Ecology. Mai 1986, Vol. 9 Issue 2, p117-125. 9p
- Haase Martin, Esch Susanne & Misof Bernhard (2013) Local adaptation, refugial isolation and secondary contact of Alpine populations of the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Journal of Molluscan Studies. Aout 2013, Vol. 79 Issue 3, p241-248. 8p.
- Haase M & Bisenberger A (2003) Allozymic differentiation in the land snail Arianta arbustorum (Stylommatophora, Helicidae): historical inferences; Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research. Aout 2003, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p175-185. 11p. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2003.00208.x.
- Kleeweint Doris (1999), Population size, density, spatial distribution and dispersal in an Austrian population of the land snail Arianta arbustorum styriaca (Gastropoda: Helicidae); Journal of Molluscan Studies. Aout 1999, Vol. 65 Issue 3, p303-315. 13p. 3
- Haase M & Misof B (2009), Dynamic gastropods: stable shell polymorphism despite gene flow in the land snail Arianta arbustorum. Dynamische Schnecken: stabiler Schalenpolymorphismus trotz Genflusses in der Landschnecke Arianta arbustorum. Journal of Zoological Systematics & Evolutionary Research. Mai 2009, Vol. 47 Issue 2, p105-114. 10p. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00488.x
- Minoretti, Nicole; Stoll, Peter; Baur, Bruno (2013) Heritability of sperm length and adult shell size in the land snail Arianta arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Journal of Molluscan Studies. Aout 2013, Vol. 79 Issue 3, p218-224. 7p.
- Schüpbach, Hans U.; Baur, Bruno (2008), Parasitic mites influence fitness components of their host, the land snail Arianta arbustorum.. Invertebrate Biology, Vol. 127 Issue 3, p350-356. 7p. 1 Chart, 2 Graphs. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2008.00138.x.