Anti-appeasement steles
| Anti-appeasement Stele | |
|---|---|
척화비 | |
 Cheongju Anti-appeasement Stele | |
  Location within South Korea | |
General information | |
| Type | Stele |
Architectural style | Korean |
| Location | Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea |
| Coordinates | 37°34′43″N 126°58′38″E / 37.57861°N 126.97722°E |
| Current tenants | National Palace Museum of Korea National Folk Museum |
| Opened | 1871 |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 척화비 |
| Hanja | 斥和碑 |
| RR | Cheokhwabi |
| MR | Ch'ŏkhwabi |
Anti-appeasement steles were 19th century monuments built in Korea to ostracize Westerners. They were erected by Heungseon Daewongun at more than 200 major transportation hubs across the country, including the four streets of Jongno. They were built in 1871 (the 8th year of reign by Emperor Gojong of the Joseon period). They were made of granite and were four cubits high, five cubits wide, and eight inches thick.[1]
History
Emperor Gojong ascended the throne in 1863 at the age of twelve, leading to his father, Yi Ha-eung, being appointed Daewongun and taking power.[2] At this time, the United States and Russia were approaching the Korean Peninsula to engage in commerce and occasionally staged armed provocations and demonstrations.
Yi initially attempted to negotiate with France to counterbalance Russia during the early years of his tenure. However, his policy stance swiftly shifted towards isolationism after the outbreak of Byeonginyo in 1866 and an attempted robbery at the king's tomb. He established a policy that prohibited diplomatic relations and commerce with other countries, as to maintain control of the Joseon dynasty in 1871. To warn the people of this policy, stelae were set up by fire hydrants in April across the country.
In 1882, Japan invaded Korea and Yi Ha-eung was kidnapped by the Qing dynasty. Most of the stelae were demolished at the request of the Japanese government. In Seoul, one was buried near the Bosingak Pavilion in Jongno on 26 September 1882. The stele was rediscovered in June 1915 when the pavilion was relocated and displayed in a gallery west of Geunjeongjeon Hall in Gyeongbokgung Palace.
Stelae remain in about 30 locations.[3]
Content
The following words are written on the stele as an order:[4]
洋夷侵犯 非戰則和 主和賣國
Then, in small letters, the next phrase is written on the side of the rain.
戒我萬年子孫 丙寅作 辛未立
This means, "If you don't fight for Western's invasion, you'll surrender, so if you insist on surrender, you'll sell your country. I warn all the people.. Build it in Byeongin-year and set it up in Sinmi-year."
List of stele
| Name | Picture | Installation (discovery) location | Current location | Scale | Cultural Heritage No. | Designated date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gadeokdo Stele | Seongbuk-dong, Gangseo-gu, 56, Gadeokpo-gu | 344 Chunga Elementary School in Seongbuk-dong, Gangseo-gu, Busan | 128×145×16 | Busan Metropolitan City designated Monument No. 35 | 01-Feb 1993 | |
| Ganghwa Stele | Deokjin Dondae of the Southern Dynasties | 147×53×28 | 1867 | |||
| Gyeongbokgung Palace Stele | 150px | Gyeongbok Palace Geunjeongjeon, 4th Street in front of Bosingak Pavilion in Jongno | National Museum of Korea | |||
| Gyeongju Stele | 150px | Sansa-dong of Gyeongju | Gyeongju National Museum | Height 1.5m | ||
| Gochang Stele | Hyangcheong, Gochang-eupseong, Gochang-gun | |||||
| Gumi Stele | Mt. 52–1 in Gupodong, Gumi City | 175×186 | North Gyeongsang Province Cultural Heritage Material No. 22 | 05-Aug 1985 | ||
| Gunwi Stele | Gunwi-eup Dongbu-ri Gunwi-gun Office | 115×43×14 | ||||
| Gijang Stele | 150px | inside of Daebyun-port breakwater | 144×52.5×21 | Busan Metropolitan City designated Monument No. 41 | 25-May 1996 | |
| Namhae Stele | Noryang Shipyard, Sulcheon Middle School | 410-18 Noryang-ri, Seocheon-myeon, Namhae-gun | 220×49×16 | South Gyeongsang Province Cultural Heritage Material No. 266 | 31-Dec 1997 | |
| Daegu Stele | Gwandeokjeong Catholic Martyrs Memorial Hall in Daegu | |||||
| Miryang Stele | Milyang City Milyang | |||||
| Bonghwa Stele | Bongseong-ri, Bonghwa Middle School, Bongseong-myeon | Bonghwa Education Office in Naeseong-ri, Bonghwa-eup | ||||
| Busanjin Stele | Busan Jinsheng, Yongdu Mountain Park | 948-1 Busan Museum in Daeyeon-dong, Nam-gu | 143×44.7×23.8 | Busan Metropolitan City designated Monument No. 18 | 26-June 1972 | |
| Sancheong Stele | Huanzheng Garden, Sancheng Elementary School | Sancheong-ri 290-1 Sancheong Elementary School in Sancheong-eup, Sancheong-gun | 135×45×25.5 | Gyeongnam-do Type Cultural Heritage No. 294 | 27-Dec 1993 | |
| Seongju Stele | Sungjoo Elementary School | Sungjoo Girls' High School | ||||
| Sunheung Stele | Sunheung-myeon of elementary school campus | 314-3, Sunheung-myeon Office, Sunheung-myeon, Yeongju | 114×46 | Gyeongbuk Cultural Heritage Material No. 242 | 14-May 1991 | |
| Sinchang Stele | Shinchang Elementary School | 297 Town-Narye-ri, Sinchang-si | Cultural Heritage Material No. 236 of Chungcheongnam-do | 17-May
1984 | ||
| Yangsan Stele | Sotori 667 Sonosowon, Sangbuk-myeon, Yangsan | Gyeongsangnam-do Type Cultural Heritage No. 120 | 02-May 1979 | |||
| Yeosan Stele | Yeosan Elementary School | Iksan-myeon, Iksan-myeon, 445-2 Yeosan-dongheon | 114×46×9 | Iksan City Hyangtological Site No.7 | 30-May
2002 | |
| Yeongi Stele | Yeongihyang-bridge | 34 Yeongi-ri, Yeongi-myeon, Sejong City | Sejong City Monument No.11 | 11-Feb
2016 | ||
| Youngyang Stele | County seo-ri Nutrition County Office | |||||
| Yecheon Stele | Daeheung-myeon Office | Upper break | ||||
| Okcheon Stele | Mountain4-2 Samyangsa-gil, Okcheon-eup, Okcheon-gun | bullet marks | Monument No.6 of Chungcheongbuk-do | 21-Dec 1976 | ||
| Yonggung Stele | Yonggung Middle School, Yonggung Elementary School | Manparu of Eupbu-ri, Yonggung-myeon, Yecheon-gun | Gyeongbuk Cultural Heritage Material No.598 | 4-Oct 2012 | ||
| Unhyeongoong Stele | Unhyeon Palace Museum of Antiquities | |||||
| Janggi Stele | inside of Janggi castle | Jangsu Myeon Office Garden in Nam-gu, Pohang | 120×45×21 | North Gyeongsang Province Cultural Heritage Material No. 224. | 07-Aug 1990 | |
| Geoldoosan Stele | 150px | Zeodu Mountain Martyrs' Site | ||||
| Changnyeong Stele | Changyeong-eup Gyohari | 28-1 Manokjeong Park in Gyosang-ri, Changnyeong-eup | 123×46×20 | Cultural Heritage Material No. 218 of South Gyeongsang Province | 02-May 1995 | |
| Cheongdo Stele | Cheongdo Roadside | 15-10 Seosang-ri, Hwayang-eup, Cheongdo-gun | 155×45×25 | Gyeongbuk Cultural Heritage Material No.109 | 05-Aug
1985 | |
| Cheongsong Stele | Catholic Church in Cheongsong-eup, Cheongsong-gun | 115×48×16 | ||||
| Cheongju Stele | 150px | Seokgyo-dong Sewage Station | 92-13 Central Park, Nammun-ro 2-ga, Sangdang-gu, Cheongju | 108×47 | North Chungcheong Province Monument No. 23 | 27-Oct 1978 |
| Pohang Stele | Road in front of Chilpo-ri Rock-Culture County, Pohang | Pohang City Heunghae Folk Museum | ||||
| Hamyang Stele | 349-1 Sangrim Park in Unlim-ri, Hamyang-eup, Hamyang-gun | 110×55×19 | South Gyeongsang Province Cultural Heritage Material No. 264 | 31-Dec 1997 | ||
| Hampyeong Stele | Kujuppo, Seokseong-ri, Hampyeong-eup | 906-7 Hampyeong Park in Hapyeong-eup, Hampyeong-gun | 135×52×20 | Jeollanam-do Cultural Heritage Material No. 176. | 24-Feb 1990 | |
| Hongseong Stele | Mount Obong-ri, Guhyang-myeon, Hongseong-gun | 125×48×25.5 | Cultural Heritage Material No. 163 of Chungcheongnam-do | 17-May
1984 | ||
References
- ↑ Yu, Yŏng-ik (2008). Early Korean Encounters with the United States and Japan: Six Essays on Late Nineteenth-century Korea. Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch. p. 98. ISBN 9788995442487.
- ↑ "History Reference". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
- ↑ "History reference". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
- ↑ "Stele content". Uri-history.