Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender

Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender[a] (APEX) is a biophysically, continuous simulation model developed in the late 1990s as an extension of the EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) model.[1] EPIC was originally created in 1981 to assess the impacts of soil erosion on agricultural productivity across diverse soil, climate, and cropping systems in the United States.[2] Over time, EPIC evolved to simulate hydrology, nutrient cycling, pesticide fate, carbon dynamics, and climate change impacts.[3]

APEX extends EPIC from a field-scale model to whole-farm and small watershed applications.[4] It was developed to evaluate environmental and management issues associated with crop and livestock production systems, including manure management, water quality, and conservation practices.[5][6] The model operates on a daily time step and simulates surface runoff, sediment transport, wind and water erosion, nutrient losses (nitrogen and phosphorus), soil carbon dynamics, crop growth, grazing systems, and routing of water, sediment, nutrients, and pesticides across complex landscapes and channel networks.[7][1][8]

APEX has been widely applied in environmental assessments at field, watershed, regional, and national scales. The model was originally developed through collaborative efforts involving the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and research institutions, and the current supported version (APEX1501) is maintained by Texas A&M AgriLife Research in collaboration with USDA-NRCS.[1]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Also stylized as Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Williams, J. R., Izaurralde, R. C., & Steglich, E. M. (2008). Agricultural policy/environmental extender model. Theoretical Documentation, Version, 604, 2008-2017.
  2. ↑ Philip W. Gassman; Jimmy R. Williams; Verel W. Benson; R. Cesar Izaurralde; Larry M. Hauck; C. Allan Jones; Jay D. Atwood; James R. Kiniry; Joan D. Flowers (2004). "Historical Development and Applications of the EPIC and APEX models". 2004 ASAE Annual Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. doi:10.13031/2013.17074.
  3. ↑ Di Bene, Claudia; Diacono, Mariangela; Montemurro, Francesco; Testani, Elena; Farina, Roberta (2022-01-26). "EPIC model simulation to assess effective agro-ecological practices for climate change mitigation and adaptation in organic vegetable system". Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 42 (1): 7. doi:10.1007/s13593-021-00745-5. ISSN 1773-0155.
  4. ↑ Singh, Vijay P.; Frevert, Donald K., eds. (2010-09-28). Watershed Models (0 ed.). CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781420037432. ISBN 978-0-429-12244-6.
  5. ↑ P. Tuppad; C. Santhi; X. Wang; J. R. Williams; R. Srinivasan; P. H. Gowda (2010). "Simulation of Conservation Practices Using the APEX Model". Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 26 (5): 779–794. doi:10.13031/2013.34947. ISSN 1943-7838.
  6. ↑ X. Wang; J. R. Williams; P. W. Gassman; C. Baffaut; R. C. Izaurralde; J. Jeong; J. R. Kiniry (2012). "EPIC and APEX: Model Use, Calibration, and Validation". Transactions of the ASABE. 55 (4): 1447–1462. doi:10.13031/2013.42253. ISSN 2151-0040.
  7. ↑ Choi, Soon-Kun; Jeong, Jaehak; Kim, Min-Kyeong (2017-11-08). "Simulating the Effects of Agricultural Management on Water Quality Dynamics in Rice Paddies for Sustainable Rice Production—Model Development and Validation". Water. 9 (11): 869. doi:10.3390/w9110869. ISSN 2073-4441.
  8. ↑ Wang, X. Y.; Tuppad, P.; Williams, J. R. (January 2011), "Modelling agricultural management systems with APEX.", Soil hydrology, land use and agriculture: measurement and modelling, CABI Books, pp. 117–136, doi:10.1079/9781845937973.0117, ISBN 978-1-84593-797-3, retrieved 2026-02-12
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