A dos Cunhados

A dos Cunhados
Civil parish
Coat of arms of A dos Cunhados
Coat of arms
A dos Cunhados is located in Portugal
A dos Cunhados
A dos Cunhados
Location in Portugal
Coordinates: 39°09′N 9°19′W / 39.150°N 9.317°W / 39.150; -9.317
Country Portugal
RegionOeste e Vale do Tejo
Intermunic. comm.Oeste
DistrictLisbon
MunicipalityTorres Vedras
Established14 March 2025 (recreated)
Area
 • Total
43.98 km2 (16.98 sq mi)
Population
 (2021[nb 1])
 • Total
11,575[1]
 • Density263.2/km2 (681.7/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+00:00 (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+01:00 (WEST)
Postal code
2564-908
Area code261
PatronOur Lady of Light
Websitehttps://juntaadoscunhados.pt/

A dos Cunhados (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐ ðuʃ kuˈɲaðuʃ]) is a civil parish in the municipality of Torres Vedras in the central Oeste subregion of Portugal. Covering an area of approximately 43.98 square kilometres (16.98 mi2),[2] its population in 2016 was 8001 residents.

The name A dos Cunhados reflected the first inhabitants: three brothers-in-law (cunhados) who inhabited a large estate, that was later divided amongst them and their descendants. But, from the writings of the bishop of Targa, there were two brothers-in-law and not three. The estate was either named Quinta dos Dos Cunhados (Farm of the two brothers-in-law) or Quinta dos Cunhados (Farm of the brothers-in-law), depending on the version followed. The original name is sometimes referred to by the local people as casal (hamlet) instead of quinta.

History

Before the creation of the parish

Notice: until 1581 the parish of A dos Cunhados was non-existant, this section refers to the territory of what was to become the parish.

The settlement of this area, originated in the ancient Paleolithic period resulting from the fertility of the soils, enriched by margins of the Alcabrichel River. The main Paleolithic sites are Lapa da Rainha 1 (shared with Maceira), Rossio do Cabo and Ponta da Vigia.[3] Neolithic settlements are found on Pitagudo and Lapa da Rainha 2.[4]

During the Roman period of the Iberian Peninsula, the territory of what is today A dos Cunhados fell mostly on the territorium de Felicitas Iulia Olisipo, being a peripheral territory. During the Islamic period of the Iberian Peninsula, this area was integrated into the kura al-Ušbuna, the great majority of the inhabitants appeared to be Mozarabic, such a theory is supported by the fact that the main river's name (Alcabrichel) is of Mozarabic origin. Apart from this, very little is known about this period of the region's history.[5]

Torres Vedras was taken by the Portuguese in 1148. After the conquest of Torres Vedras, the surrounding territories were divided and granted to settlers in order to enlarge the number of inhabitants and secure sovereignty over the territory. This process appears to have been led by the concelho of Torres Vedras.[6]

In 1226, the concelho of Torres Vedras donates two properties by Penha firme (origin of the name Penafirme) to an Italian hermit called Gaibetino and his companions, all augustinians, so that they could found a monastery there. This monastery was the origin of the Convento de Penafirme, although the original building is lost and only its successors (the 16th century ruins, Convento Velho, and the 18th century building, now Seminary of Our Lady of Grace of Penafirme) survive. In 1259, the church of Santa Maria da Lourinhã sold some lands that they had in this area to the Alcobaça Monastery.[6]

In 1309, João Martins de Soalhães, bishop of Lisbon, ordered a inquirição (census) of the estates of Torres Vedras and its surroundings in order to divide the town's term into four parishes[nb 2] (Santa Maria do Castelo, São Pedro, São Miguel and Sant'Iago), A dos Cunhados ended up becoming part of São Miguel. This census gives us the information that the majority of the properties in A dos Cunhados were allodial, meaning that their owners were free-man who worked their lands. The great majority of the landowners were settlers coming from Galicia, Northern Europe and also from other parts of Portugal, mainly the North, with only a minority of the lands being owned by mozarabs. Although the village of A dos Cunhados is not listed in the inquirição, there are references to people owning properties in other places who lived in "a dos cunhados".[6]

Following a wider trend, the allodial properties tended to be seized by lords,[7] in this case, as in many others, by ecclesiastical lords. Those lords were the Collegiate church of Saint Peter of Torres Vedras (Portuguese: Colegiada de São Pedro de Torres Vedras), and the above stated Monastery of Penafirme and Monastery of Alcobaça. The Collegiate was the more significant landowner, having received the majority of its properties thru donations, its properties concentrated more in the inland part of the current civil parish. The Augustinian's properties spanned mainly in the south-west corner of the territory, while the Cistercians owned what is now the civil parish of Maceira, with little to no extent of land in the current A dos Cunhados parish[nb 3]. Altough in a less significant scale, the size and significance of secular landlords grew, with the most proeminent example being the morgadio de Torres Vedras (wich included the casal dos Cunhados, the watermill and several arable lands), established in 1475 by Rui Gomes de Alvarenga, chief-chancellor (keeper of the Royal Seal and head of the royal chancellary) of king Afonso V, and passed to his descendants (the Soares de Alarcão e Melo family until 1642 and then the House of Avintes-Lavradio until 1872, when the properties were sold out)[8]. This process spanned thru the 14th and 15th centuries. This phenomena was caused by several factors, the main one being the Crisis of the late Middle Ages, which led many owners to donate their lands to Church institutions.[6]

By 1527[nb 4] there were 28 vizinhos[nb 5] in the area that would become the parish of A dos Cunhados (that was formed by Aldeia dos Cunhados, Sobreiro Curvo, Paradas e Póvoa, dita da Maceira, Pai e Correia, Póvoa de Penafirme and several smaller hamlets). The total population is estimated to have been around 126 people at the time.[10]

In 1547, the construction of a new convent for the Augustinian community of Penafirme begun, this building is nowadays in ruins and is knwoned as Covento Velho (old convent).

Of the parish

In 1568, the inhabitants of A dos Cunhados, Sobreiro Curvo and other hamlets requested to Dom Jorge de Almeida, archbishop of Lisbon, the authorization to build a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Light in which they could hear the mass when they were not able to go to the parish church in Torres Vedras. The construction started in 1570 and lasted for 16 months. In January 1572, after the completion of the works, the archbishop allowed mass to be celebrated in there.[10]

The parish of Nossa Senhora da Luz de A dos Cunhados was created in 1581, by Jorge de Almeida, archbishop of Lisbon by dismemberment of the parish of São Miguel de Torres Vedras (meaning that the new parish was made only with São Miguel's territories). In this process was essential the figure of Dom Sebastião Mendes da Fonseca, titular bishop of Targa and assistant to the archbishop, it was him who was encharged by Dom Jorge to examine the region and define if it had the conditions to become a parish and what would be its limits, due to this one of the main streets of A dos Cunhados was named in his honor (Rua Bispo de Targa).[10]

The early modern period (1527–1798) was a period of growth in terms of population with an estimated growth of about 1 person per year in this period.[11] The economy was dominated by primary activities, mainly agriculture.[12]

In 1662, the king Afonso VI ordered the construction of the fortress of Nossa Senhora de Penafirme, south of Porto Novo beach for defense against the Moorish pirates' incursions which had already led to several petitions headed by the Penafirme monks. A lookout post already existed near the Convent, but was unguarded. The 1755 earthquake destroyed much of the fortress leading to its abandonment,[12] yet the garrison remained near the fortress for some years after the earthquake.[13]

In 1672, a wayside cross was erected in the churchyard. This cross was later moved to the location that is now Largo da Cruz (Literally: "Square of the cross"), the center of the town where the 3 main streets converge (Rua Dom Manuel II, Rua Bispo de Targa, Rua Monsenhor José Fialho).[8] The cross became one of the main symbols of the locality, being repaired and rebuilt whenever necessary. It even was the reason, in the 1950s, for a confrontation between the population and the municipal authorities, when the last ones decided to remove the cross to facilitate the passage of large vehicles, in response to that the population prevented them from proceeding, defending the monument with weapons and eventually forcing the municipality to quit.

In contrast with Lisbon A dos Cunhados was less afcted by the 1755 earthquake. The destruction was limited to the fortress, some houses and the convent.[12]

The Napoleonic Wars affected directly the parish, namely the French invasions. In late August 1808, the British forces led by Lieutenant-General Arthur Wellesley, entered the parish after winning the battle of Roliça. Wellesley prepared for the landing of reenforcements to happen in Porto Novo. On August 21, the british forces faced the French forces led by general Junot, comander-in-chief of the french forces in Portugal, this battle took place mainly around the border between the parishes of A dos Cunhados and Vimeiro, last lending its name to the battle (See: Battle of Vimeiro). There are no other direct references to the territory after the battle, but it is likely that some inhabbitants may have took part in the construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras.[14]

The Carta Constitucional of 1826 established the creation of "Parish Assemblies" composed by all citizens with the right to vote (active citizens) in order to elect the province electors that would elect the deputados às Cortes (members of the Cortes Gerais). Due to the lack of acitve citizens, A dos Cunhados joined neighboring parishes Vimeiro and Miragaia in order to constitute an assembly. [15]

With the victory of the Constitutionalists in the Liberal Wars came a series of deep reforms on several aspects of life, the most significant of wich was the dissolution of the monasteries and convents. All of the estate held by the monks and nuns was nacionalized and sold in public auction, meaning Penafirme, Alcobaça and São Pedro ceased to exist and their estates were sold out, putting an end to the ecclesiastical landlords. One of the main buyers of Penafirme estate was George Sartorius, who became count of Penafirme in 1853.[15] The Junta de Freguesia (Civil Parish Council)[nb 6] was created around this time, but due to the widespread poverty of the population, there were not enough voters to hold elections and the municipality had to name the members of the Junta until 1878, when the number of citizens with the right to vote was enough to hold the first elections and select its first civil president, Manuel Alexandre Ferreira de Carvalho, as until this elections the president was always the parish priest.[16]

The end of the 19th century and the beginings of the 20th was marked by the growing of the Republican Party due to the several political crises lived in Portugal, in spite of this, A dos Cunhados appears to have been strongly monarchical, as showned during the passage of king Manuel II thru the village in his visit to Vimeiro to celebrate the centenary of the Battle of Vimeiro (1908), during the king's passage, "A dos Cunhados adorned itself to receive him [the king]: the houses were decorated, in the streets archs and flags were placed..."[nb 7][16] the king was gifted sonnets written by the school teacher and the great majority of the population came to the village to see the king and partake in the celebrations. Around this time, one of the worst religious crises in the parish's history also occurred: in 1894 the parish church was robbed two times, the parish priest was absent most of the time and on 15 August 1900 the people expelled him chasing him all the way to the border of the parish; the Patriarch punished the people closing the church and forbidening the celebration of mass for months, allowing only some sacraments; the relations between the people and the Church only improved with Fr. José Jorge Fialho, who took office in 1906.[17]

On 5 October 1910 Portugal became a Republic. The new republican regime was strongly anti-clerical, one of its first actions being to ban religious orders and regular clergy (who had returned in the eighty years following the Expulsion of 1834), and there were plans to arrest several priests[18], including Father José Fialho, parish priest of A dos Cunhados.[17] During the First Republic, the people from this parish showed little interest on political participation and several times rebeled or plotted against the Republic, Fr. Fialho's influence is considered a major factor for this. It was not unknown by his parishioners that Fr. Fialho opposed the new regime, a political position that earned him three imprisionments alongside other priests and citizens.[19] Altough the apeasement attempts made by the republican governments following Pais's dictatorship[nb 8], the tensions only calmed down with the coup of 28 May 1926, which established a conservative military dictatorship, more keen to restaurate good relationships with the Church Monsignor[nb 9] José Fialho (1880-1957) is remembered by the people of A dos Cunhados as one of their greatest parish priests, having served the parish from 1906 to 1941, having written the history of the parish and promoted its institutions. One of A dos Cunhados main streets is named in his homour: Rua Monsenhor José Fialho.[21]

In 1931, the inauguration of the first school of the village of A dos Cunhados happened, being the third in the parish (in 1911 a local benefactor built the first in Maceira and in 1929 the second one was inaugurated in Bombardeira), being followed in 1951 by the school in Sobreiro Curvo, in 1957 by the ones in Boavista, Palhagueiras and Casal d'Além, in 1961 with a new school in Maceira and in 1964 with the new school of A dos Cunhados. In 1960, the New Convent (the last building occupied by the Augustinian community of Penafirme) oppened doors as Seminário Liceal de Penafirme (Penafirme High School Seminary) in a male boarding school setting, teaching the equivalent of what are now the fifth to ninth grades of schooling to those who are expected to one day be ordained priests.[22] Also in this time period, the church of A dos Cunhados is expanded (1928-1933) and a clock is installed in the bell tower. In 1956, the chapel of Saint Sebastian in Sobreiro Curvo opened to the public, in the following year is celebrated the first mass in the chapel of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception in Maceira and in 1970 was Bombardeira's chapel of Our Lady of Fátima.[23]

Several associations were founded in the post-Carnation Revolution period and the civil parish witnesses a growth in the population, economy and political participation. In the 1980s and 1990s the supply of water and electricity to homes becomes widespread, and also basic sanitation networks and paved roads. On 3 November 1975, the Externato de Penafirme starts operating, using the building of the Seminário, teaching the Preparatory Education and the First grade of the Ensino Unificado (this is equivalent to the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh grades) in a mixed day school regime, being owned by the Patriarchate of Lisbon. This school grew in response to the need for more years of schooling and the increase in the number of students, serving students from the surronding civil parishes.[24]

On 30 August 1995, is published in the Diário da República the Law nr. 44/95 that elevates A dos Cunhados from the category of aldeia (equivalent to village) to the category of vila (equivalent to town).[25]

On 12 July 1997, the Law nr 34/97 is published creating the civil parish of Maceira by splitting off the northwestern corner of the civil parish of A dos Cunhados.[26]

In 2001, 6,936 people inhabited the parish that included the town of A dos Cunhados and the villages of Boavista, Bombardeira, Brejenjas, Casais do Rego, Casais da Serpegeira, Casais Vale da Borra, Casal da Barreirinha, Casal da Carrasquinha, Casal da Popa, Casal da Portela, Casal de Serpa, Casal da Varzinha, Casal das Paradas, Casal de Além, Casal do Seixo, Casal dos Feros, Casal Figueira Velha, Casal Ventoso, Louribetão, Palhagueiras, Pinheiro Manso, Póvoa de Além, Póvoa de Penafirme, Praia da Vigia, Quinta da Piedade, Santa Cruz–Pisão, Sobreiro Curvo, Vale Janelas and Valongo.

In 2013, following the administrative reorganization, both Maceira and A dos Cunhados were fused into a new civil parish, União de freguesias de A dos Cunhados e Maceira (Union of the civil parishes of A dos Cunhados and Maceira).[27] This union endured until 2025, when the union was undone and both parishes were fully restored.[28]

Demographics and geography

Population of
A dos Cunhados
(1527[nb 10]–2021[29][24][30])
YearPop.±%
1527 126—    
1579 270+114.3%
1670 383+41.9%
1732 567+48.0%
1758 720+27.0%
1798 729+1.2%
1829 940+28.9%
1864 1,294+37.7%
1878 1,587+22.6%
1890 2,050+29.2%
1900 2,306+12.5%
1911 2,862+24.1%
1920 3,380+18.1%
1930 3,953+17.0%
1940 4,720+19.4%
1950 5,254+11.3%
1960 6,121+16.5%
1970 5,885−3.9%
1981 7,032+19.5%
1991 7,895+12.3%
2001 6,936−12.1%
2011 10,391+49.8%
2021 11,575+11.4%

Notes

  1. ↑ The date of the last census. The data collected in this census refers to the former parish of A dos Cunhados e Maceira (extinct in 2025).
  2. ↑ These four parishes would give origin to the 4 civil parishes that composed the town of Torres Vedras that would be united in the 21st century into one comprising also the parish of Matacães
  3. ↑ Still it is important to reference their presence, because for most of its history, the A dos Cunhados parish included such territories
  4. ↑ Year of the Numeramento, the first general census of the population of Portugal
  5. ↑ A vizinho was a man, head of household, native or naturalized of the municipality with the right to partake in the governing of the concelho[9]
  6. ↑ The liberal reforms of the 1850s created the civil parishes (freguesias) from the ecclesiastical parishes (paróquias), from this moment on the civil parish and the ecclesiastical parish became separate entities.
  7. ↑ "A dos Cunhados engalanou-se para o receber: as casas foram enfeitadas, nas ruas foram colocados arcos e bandeiras. . .
  8. ↑ From 1919 onwards there was an attempt made by the Governments to made peace with the Church, this attempts were received coldly due to past offenses against the Church.[20]
  9. ↑ Fr. Fialho was made a monsignor.
  10. ↑ The data from 1527 to 1798 are estimates based on the available data.[11]

References

  1. ↑ "Censos 2021". Retrieved 2026-08-11.
  2. ↑ "Wayback Machine". www.igeo.pt. Archived from the original on 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2026-03-11. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  3. ↑ Almeida, Francisco (2002). "O Paleolítico" [The Paleolithic]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 49–54. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  4. ↑ Kunst, Michael (2002). "Os primeiros agricultores e metalurgistas em A dos Cunhados: o Neolítico e o Calcolítico" [The first farmers and metallurgists in A dos Cunhados: the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods.]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 55–65. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  5. ↑ Fontes, João Luís Inglês (2002). "Da ocupação romana ao final da presença muçulmana" [From the Roman occupation to the end of Islamic presence]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 67–70. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Fontes, João Luís Inglês (2002). "O periodo medieval" [The medieval period]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  7. ↑ Mattoso, José (1986). Obras Completas [Complete Works: Identifying a Country: Opposition] (in Portuguese). Vol. 2 "Identificação de um País: Oposição" (1st ed.). Rio de Mouro: Circulo de Leitores (published 2001). ISBN 972-42-2398-1.
  8. 1 2 "O que visitar na União de Freguesias de A-dos-Cunhados e Maceira". União das Freguesias de A dos Cunhados e Maceira (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2026-03-17. Retrieved 2026-08-24.
  9. ↑ "A organização urbana e concelhia dos reis de Portugal". RTP Ensina. Retrieved 2026-08-12.
  10. 1 2 3 Luís, Maria dos Anjos Santos Fernandes (2002). "2.1. Um novo enquadramento eclesiástico: a paróquia de A dos Cunhados" [2.1. A new ecclesiastical setting: the parish of A dos Cunhados]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  11. 1 2 Luís, Maria dos Anjos Santos Fernandes (2002). "3.1. Uma população em crescimento" [A growing population]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. p. 115. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  12. 1 2 3 Luís, Maria dos Anjos Santos Fernandes (2002). "3. Os séculos XVII-XVIII" [The 17th and 18th centuries]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  13. ↑ Luís, Maria dos Anjos Santos Fernandes (2002). "3. Os séculos XVII-XVIII" [The 17th and 18th centuries]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. ISBN 972-9027-79-X. [A dos Cunhados] Tem somente o forte de Porto Novo, que tem seu Cabo, ou Capitão com seus soldados que nelle fazem suas sentinellas. Porem o tal só existe no nome porque se acha arruinado, e em muita parte demollido. [[A dos Cunhados] has only the fort of Porto Novo, which has its Corporal, or Captain, with his soldiers who stand guard there. However, it exists in name only because it is in ruins and largely destroyed.]
  14. ↑ Silva, Maria Natália da (2002). "As invasões francesas (1807-1811)" [The French Invasions (1807-1811)]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 166–170. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  15. 1 2 Silva, Maria Natália da (2002). "Do Advento do Liberalismo à Regeneração (1820-1851)" [From the Advent of Liberalism to Regeneration (1820-1851)]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 171–181. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  16. 1 2 Silva, Maria Natália da (2002). "Da Regeneração ao fim da Monarquia (1851-1910)" [From the Regeneração to the end of the Monarchy (1851-1910)]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 181–185. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  17. 1 2 Fontes, José Luís Inglês (2002). "O clero paroquial: as insuficiências da política liberal e os seus reflexos pastorais." [The parish clergy: the shortcomings of liberal politics and their pastoral repercussions.]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 213–214. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  18. ↑ Moura, Maria Lúcia de Brito (2004). A guerra religiosa na Primeira República [The religious war on the First Portuguese Republic] (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Editorial Notícias. ISBN 972-46-1562-6.
  19. ↑ Silva, Maria Natália da (2002). "A Freguesia e a República: repercussões no quotidiano." [The Civil Parish and the Republic: repercussions on the daily life.]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 236–239. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  20. ↑ Ramos, Rui; et al. (Bernardo Vasconcelos e Sousa; Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro) (September 2021). "A República durante e depois da guerra (1917-1926)". História de Portugal [History of Portugal] (in Portuguese) (1st ed.). Alfragide: Dom Quixote. pp. 605–626. ISBN 978-972-20-7354-7.
  21. ↑ Luís, Maria dos Anjos Santos Fernandes (2002). "Um percurso exemplar: Monsenhor José Jorge Fialho (1880-1957)." [An exemplary life: Monsenhor José Jorge Fialho (1880-1957).]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 265–279. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  22. ↑ Cordeiro, Ana Sofia Nunes (2002). "Educação." [Education.]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 294–297. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  23. ↑ Cordeiro, Ana Sofia Nunes (2002). "Vida Religiosa." [Religious Life.]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. pp. 297–300. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  24. 1 2 Cordeiro, Ana Sofia Nunes (2002). "O Pós-25 de Abril: de 25 de Abril de 1974 a 1997" [The post 1974 Revolution to 1997]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. p. 311. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  25. ↑ "Lei n.º 44/95, de 30 de agosto: Elevação da povoação de A dos Cunhados à categoria de vila". Diário da República. 30 August 1995. Retrieved 25 August 2026.
  26. ↑ "Lei n.º 34/97, de 12 de julho: Criação da freguesia de Maceira no concelho de Torres Vedras". Diário da República. 12 July 1997. Retrieved 25 August 2026.
  27. ↑ "Lei n.º 11-A/2013, de 28 de janeiro: Reorganização administrativa do território das freguesias". Diário da República. 28 January 2013.
  28. ↑ "Reposição de freguesias agregadas". Diário da República. 13 March 2025. Retrieved 4 August 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ↑ Cordeiro, Ana Sofia Nunes (2002). "O Estado Novo. Do Golpe militar de 1926 ao 25 de Abril de 1974" [Estado Novo. From the 1926 Military Coup to the Carnation Revolution]. In Fontes, João Luís Inglês (ed.). A dos Cunhados: Itinerários da Memória [A dos Cunhados: Memory itineraries] (in Portuguese). A dos Cunhados: Pró-Memória. p. 282. ISBN 972-9027-79-X.
  30. ↑ "Instituto Nacional de Estatistica".
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