108 Shiva Temples

Parashurama with an axe

The 108 Shiva Temples are a group of Hindu temples dedicated to the god Shiva, enumerated in the Shivalaya Stotram, a Malayalam devotional hymn. Of the 108, 105 are in Kerala, 2 in Karnataka and 1 in Tamil Nadu.

Background

According to Hindu beliefs, Parasurama created the land between Gokarna and Kanyakumari. It is said that Kerala was reclaimed from the ocean using his axe to donate the land to Brahmins after the killing of King Kartavirya Arjuna and other Kshatriyas.[1] He split this land into 64 villages (gramas). Out of these 64 villages, 32 villages are between Perumpuzha and Gokarnam and the spoken language was Tulu. The remaining 32 villages were in the Malayalam-speaking area between Perumpuzha and Kanyakumari.[2][3]

Parasurama is the sixth avatar of the god Vishnu; he was the youngest son of sage Jamadagni and Renuka. According to legend, after donating the land to Brahmins, 108 Shiva lingams and Durga idols were installed in these 64 villages. These 108 Shiva temples are mentioned in the Shivalaya Stotram,[4][5] and a song is written in the Malayalam language.[6][7] Of the 108 Shiva temples, 105 temples are in Kerala, 2 in Karnataka and 1 in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu.[8]

List of temples

No. Temple Name Deity Festivals/Religious Practices Location & Picture
1Vadakkunnathan TempleVadakunnathan (Shiva),

Parvati
Rama,
Sankara Narayana,

 Sivarathri, Thiruvathira, Thrissur Pooram10°31′28″N 76°12′52″E / 10.5245°N 76.21451°E / 10.5245; 76.21451Thrissur City,
Thrissur district

2Udayamperoor Ekadasi Perumthrikovil TempleShivaShankaranarayana Vilakku , Sivarathri9°55′14″N 76°21′39″E / 9.92054°N 76.36085°E / 9.92054; 76.36085Udayamperoor
Ernakulam District
3Raviswarapuram Siva TempleShivaSivarathri10°13′25″N 76°12′03″E / 10.22355°N 76.20072°E / 10.22355; 76.20072Kodungalloor
Thrissur district
4Suchindram Sthanumalayan TempleShivaChariot Festival,
Markazhi,
Chithira,
Sivarathri		8°09′17″N 77°27′55″E / 8.15472°N 77.46528°E / 8.15472; 77.46528Suchindram
Kanyakumari District
5Chowwara Chidambaraswamy TempleNataraja (Shiva)Sivarathri10°07′34″N 76°23′12″E / 10.12618°N 76.38667°E / 10.12618; 76.38667Chowwara
Ernakulam district
6Mathur Shiva TempleShiva, ParvatiSivarathri10°40′29″N 76°06′56″E / 10.67471°N 76.11554°E / 10.67471; 76.11554Pannithadam
Thrissur district
7Triprangode Siva TempleShivaSivarathri10°51′20″N 75°56′52″E / 10.85569°N 75.94784°E / 10.85569; 75.94784Triprangode
Malappuram District
8Mundayur Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°35′22″N 76°09′33″E / 10.58937°N 76.15924°E / 10.58937; 76.15924Anjur
Thrissur district
9Thirumandhamkunnu TempleShiva, Parvati, BhadrakaliThirumandhamkunnu Pooram10°58′48″N 76°12′05″E / 10.97991°N 76.20144°E / 10.97991; 76.20144Angadipuram
Malappuram District
10Chowalloor Siva TempleShivaSivarathri10°36′21″N 76°04′23″E / 10.60589°N 76.07308°E / 10.60589; 76.07308Guruvayoor
Thrissur District
11Pananchery Mudikkode Shiva TempleShivaSivarathri10°33′03″N 76°18′26″E / 10.55081°N 76.30727°E / 10.55081; 76.30727Pananchery
Thrissur District
12aAnnamanada Mahadeva TempleKirata Moorthy (Shiva)Sivarathri10°14′05″N 76°19′51″E / 10.2347°N 76.33093°E / 10.2347; 76.33093Annamanada
Thrissur district
12bMannar Thrikkuratti Mahadeva TempleKirata Moorthy, VishnuSivarathri9°19′12″N 76°32′05″E / 9.31993°N 76.5347°E / 9.31993; 76.5347Mannar
Alleppey district
13Puramundekkadu Shri Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°46′46″N 76°01′33″E / 10.77936°N 76.02592°E / 10.77936; 76.02592Edappal
Malappuram District
14Avanoor Sreekanteswaram Mahadeva TempleSrikanda (Shiva)Sivarathri10°35′56″N 76°12′41″E / 10.59893°N 76.21143°E / 10.59893; 76.21143Avanur
Thrissur District
15Kollur Mookambika TempleAdi Parashakti, ShivaNavaratri13°51′50″N 74°48′51″E / 13.86384°N 74.81425°E / 13.86384; 74.81425Kollur
Udupi district, Karnataka
16Thirumangalam Sree Maha Vishnu Siva TempleShiva
Vishnu		Sivarathri, Ashtamirohini10°30′18″N 76°03′36″E / 10.50511°N 76.06006°E / 10.50511; 76.06006Engandiyoor
Thrissur District
17Thrikkariyoor Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°05′05″N 76°36′46″E / 10.08476°N 76.61266°E / 10.08476; 76.61266Thrikkariyoor
Ernakulam District
18Kudappanakunnu Kunnathu Sri Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri8°33′21″N 76°57′40″E / 8.55576°N 76.9611°E / 8.55576; 76.9611Kudappanakunnu
Thiruvananthapuram district
19Velloor Perunthatta Siva TempleShivaSivarathri9°49′08″N 76°27′42″E / 9.8188°N 76.46162°E / 9.8188; 76.46162Velloor
Kottayam District
20Ashtamangalam Siva TempleAshtamurthi (Shiva)Sivarathri10°30′32″N 76°10′50″E / 10.50884°N 76.18044°E / 10.50884; 76.18044Ashtamangala
Thrissur District
21Iranikulam Sree Mahadeva TempleShiva as Thekkedathappan and VadakkadathapapnSivarathri10°12′16″N 76°16′37″E / 10.20455°N 76.27688°E / 10.20455; 76.27688Iranikulam, Mala
Thrissur District
22Kainoor Shiva TempleShivaSivarathri10°30′01″N 76°16′41″E / 10.50029°N 76.27799°E / 10.50029; 76.27799Kainoor
Thrissur District
23Mahabaleshwar Temple, GokarnaMahabaleswar (Shiva)Sivarathri, Rathothsava14°32′36″N 74°18′56″E / 14.54344°N 74.31546°E / 14.54344; 74.31546Gokarna
Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka
24Ernakulam Shiva TempleRishinagakulathappan (Shiva)Sivarathri, Painkuni Utsava9°58′08″N 76°16′56″E / 9.9689°N 76.28214°E / 9.9689; 76.28214Ernakulam Town
Ernakulam district
25Pazhoor PerumthrikkovilPerumthrikkovilappanSivarathri9°53′05″N 76°28′21″E / 9.88485°N 76.47255°E / 9.88485; 76.47255Piravam
Ernakulam District
26Adat Shiva TempleShivaSivarathri10°32′39″N 76°08′24″E / 10.54428°N 76.13987°E / 10.54428; 76.13987Adat
Thrissur District
27Parippu Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri, Utsav9°37′11″N 76°28′37″E / 9.6197°N 76.47706°E / 9.6197; 76.47706Aymanam
Kottayam District
28Sasthamangalam Mahadevar TempleShivaSivarathri8°31′06″N 76°58′24″E / 8.51836°N 76.97344°E / 8.51836; 76.97344Sasthamangalam
Thiruvananthapuram District
29Perumparampu Sri Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°48′11″N 75°59′45″E / 10.80311°N 75.99588°E / 10.80311; 75.99588Edappal
Malappuram District
30Thrikkur Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°27′42″N 76°16′15″E / 10.46178°N 76.27085°E / 10.46178; 76.27085Trikkur
Thrissur District
31Panayur Siva TempleShivaSivarathri10°47′34″N 76°18′37″E / 10.79276°N 76.31039°E / 10.79276; 76.31039Thathamangalam
Palakkad District
32Tirunettur Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri, Vavubali9°55′49″N 76°18′45″E / 9.93019°N 76.31239°E / 9.93019; 76.31239Nettoor
Ernakulam District
33Vaikom Mahadeva TempleVaikathappan, ParvathiVaikom Ashtami, Sivarathri, Utsav9°44′59″N 76°23′47″E / 9.74982°N 76.39641°E / 9.74982; 76.39641Vaikom
Kottayam District
34Kollam Rameswaram Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri8°53′28″N 76°34′15″E / 8.89105°N 76.57092°E / 8.89105; 76.57092Kollam
Kollam District
35Amaravila Rameswaram Sri Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri8°23′57″N 77°05′41″E / 8.39925°N 77.09466°E / 8.39925; 77.09466Amaravila
Thiruvananthapuram District
36Ettumanoor Mahadevar TempleAghora (Shiva)Sivarathri
Utsav		9°40′25″N 76°33′39″E / 9.67365°N 76.56082°E / 9.67365; 76.56082Ettumanoor
Kottayam District
37Kanjilassery Maha Siva TempleShivaSivarathri11°24′17″N 75°44′06″E / 11.4047°N 75.73499°E / 11.4047; 75.73499Quilandy
Kozhikode District
38Chemmanthatta Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°39′00″N 76°06′54″E / 10.64998°N 76.11502°E / 10.64998; 76.11502Chemmanthatta
Thrissur District
39Aluva Mahadeva TempleShivaAluva Sivarathri festival10°06′59″N 76°21′17″E / 10.11646°N 76.3546°E / 10.11646; 76.3546Aluva
Ernakulam District
40Thirumittacode TempleShiva, Uyyavanda perumalSivarathri10°46′59″N 76°11′04″E / 10.78306°N 76.18435°E / 10.78306; 76.18435Thirumittacode
Palakkad District
41Velorvattom Sri Mahadeva TempleVadakkanappan, ThekkanappanSivarathri9°41′42″N 76°19′41″E / 9.69493°N 76.32817°E / 9.69493; 76.32817Velorvattom
Alappuzha District
42Muttichur Kallattupuzha Sri Maha Siva TempleShivaSivarathri10°26′35″N 76°06′20″E / 10.44312°N 76.10564°E / 10.44312; 76.10564Anthikad
Thrissur District
43Thrikkunnathu Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathriThrikkunnuKanjany
Thrissur District
44Cheruvathur Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°39′42″N 76°04′15″E / 10.66169°N 76.07094°E / 10.66169; 76.07094Kunnamkulam
Thrissur District
45Poonkunnam Siva TempleShivaSivarathri10°32′04″N 76°12′10″E / 10.53453°N 76.20273°E / 10.53453; 76.20273Poonkunnam
Thrissur District
46Niranam Thrikkapaleeswaram Dakshinamurthy TempleDakshinamurthySivarathri9°20′53″N 76°31′44″E / 9.348°N 76.52875°E / 9.348; 76.52875Niranam
Pathanamthitta District
47Kadachira Sri Thrikkapalam Siva TempleDakshinamurthy
(Two Deities)		Sivarathri11°50′03″N 75°27′34″E / 11.83409°N 75.45948°E / 11.83409; 75.45948Kadachira
Peralassery
Kannur District
48Nadapuram Iringannur Siva TempleDakshinamurthySivarathri11°41′42″N 75°38′56″E / 11.69501°N 75.64893°E / 11.69501; 75.64893Nadapuram
Kozhikkode District
49Avittathur Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°20′06″N 76°14′43″E / 10.33496°N 76.24534°E / 10.33496; 76.24534Avittathur
Thrissur District
50Parumala Valiya Panayannarkavu Devi TempleShiva, MahakaliSivarathri
Navarathri		9°22′44″N 76°22′09″E / 9.37888°N 76.36916°E / 9.37888; 76.36916Mannar, Alappuzha
Alleppey District
51Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar TempleShiva, AnandavalliSivarathri8°53′36″N 76°34′21″E / 8.89342°N 76.5726°E / 8.89342; 76.5726Kollam
Kollam District
52Kattakampal TempleShiva, BhagavathyPooram10°41′22″N 76°02′15″E / 10.68956°N 76.03737°E / 10.68956; 76.03737Kattakampal
Thrissur District
53Kondazhy Tritham Tali Siva TempleShiva, ParvathiSivarathri10°42′55″N 76°24′14″E / 10.7152°N 76.40382°E / 10.7152; 76.40382Kondazhy
Thrissur District
54Perakam Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°36′03″N 76°01′25″E / 10.60091°N 76.02366°E / 10.60091; 76.02366chavakkad
Thrissur District
55Chakkamkulangara Siva TempleShiva, ParvathiSivarathri9°56′56″N 76°20′46″E / 9.949°N 76.34598°E / 9.949; 76.34598Thrippunithura
Eranakulam District
56Veeranimangalam Mahadeva TempleShiva, NarasimhaSivarathri10°39′20″N 76°15′25″E / 10.65542°N 76.25683°E / 10.65542; 76.25683Wadakkancherry
Thrissur District
57Cheranalloor Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°10′43″N 76°28′18″E / 10.17849°N 76.47169°E / 10.17849; 76.47169Kalady
Ernakulam District
58Maniyoor Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri11°56′51″N 75°27′08″E / 11.9476°N 75.45228°E / 11.9476; 75.45228Mankada
Malappuram district
59Kozhikode Tali TempleShivaSivarathri11°14′52″N 75°47′14″E / 11.2477°N 75.78719°E / 11.2477; 75.78719Kozhikode
Kozhikode District
60Kaduthruthy Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri9°45′55″N 76°29′41″E / 9.76527°N 76.49484°E / 9.76527; 76.49484Kaduthuruthy
Kottayam District
61Keezhtali Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°12′29″N 76°12′09″E / 10.20807°N 76.20262°E / 10.20807; 76.20262Kodungalloor
Thrissur District
62Talikotta Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri9°35′47″N 76°30′24″E / 9.59636°N 76.50653°E / 9.59636; 76.50653Kottayam
Kottayam District
63Kodungallur Bhagavathy TempleShiva, KodungalloorammaKodungallur Bharani10°13′38″N 76°11′55″E / 10.22712°N 76.19869°E / 10.22712; 76.19869Kodungallur
Thrissur District
64Sreekanteswaram Mahadeva TempleSreekandanSivarathri8°29′13″N 76°56′35″E / 8.48699°N 76.94294°E / 8.48699; 76.94294Sreekanteswaram
Thiruvananthapuram District
65Thiruvanchikulam TempleThiruvanchikulathappanSivarathri10°12′36″N 76°12′22″E / 10.21002°N 76.20622°E / 10.21002; 76.20622Thiruvanchikulam
Thrissur District
66Padanayarkulangara Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri9°03′20″N 76°32′10″E / 9.05563°N 76.53617°E / 9.05563; 76.53617Karunagappally Town
Kollam District
67Thrichattukulam Mahadeva TempleVaduthaleswanSivarathri9°49′59″N 76°19′54″E / 9.83306°N 76.3317°E / 9.83306; 76.3317Panavally
Alleppey District
68Pokkunny Siva TemplePokkunniyappanSivarathri10°38′56″N 76°42′12″E / 10.64884°N 76.70339°E / 10.64884; 76.70339Pokkunny
Palakkad District
69Kottiyoor Siva TempleKottiyurappanKottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam11°52′31″N 75°51′51″E / 11.87533°N 75.86405°E / 11.87533; 75.86405Kottiyoor
Kannur District
70Thrippalur Mahadeva TempleThrippaloorappan, Narasimha, KrishnaSivarathri, Ashtami Rohini10°38′37″N 76°34′06″E / 10.64372°N 76.5682°E / 10.64372; 76.5682Alathur
Palakkad District
71Sree Perunthatta Siva TempleShivaSivarathri10°35′10″N 76°02′19″E / 10.58601°N 76.03861°E / 10.58601; 76.03861Guruvayoor
Thrissur District
72Trithala Maha Siva TempleShivaSivarathri10°48′19″N 76°07′57″E / 10.8052°N 76.13258°E / 10.8052; 76.13258Thrithala
Palakkad District
73Thiruvatta Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri9°22′28″N 76°34′02″E / 9.37452°N 76.56729°E / 9.37452; 76.56729Thiruvalla
Pathanamthitta District
74Vazhappally Maha Siva TempleThiruVazhappallilappan, Vazhappally Bhagavathi, GanapathyPanguni Utsav, Sivarathri, Mudiyeduppu, Vinayaka Chathurthi9°27′23″N 76°31′35″E / 9.45625°N 76.5263°E / 9.45625; 76.5263Changanassery
Kottayam District
75Changankulangara Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri9°06′33″N 76°31′18″E / 9.1091°N 76.52154°E / 9.1091; 76.52154Changankulangara
Kollam District
76Anjumoorthy TempleMahadevan, Mahasudarshanam (Swayambhu), MahavishnuSivarathri, Vidyarambham, VishuAnjumoorthy (10°37′04″N 76°30′09″E / 10.61781°N 76.50237°E / 10.61781; 76.50237)Vadakkencherry
Palakkad District
77Thirunakkara Sree Mahadevar TempleThirunakkara TevarSivarathri, Pakal Pooram9°35′25″N 76°31′07″E / 9.59038°N 76.51857°E / 9.59038; 76.51857Thirunakkara
Kottayam District
78Kodumbu Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°44′31″N 76°41′44″E / 10.74194°N 76.69555°E / 10.74194; 76.69555Chittur
Palakkad District
79Ashtamichira Mahadeva TempleThekkum Tevar, Vadakkum TevarSivarathri10°16′27″N 76°16′43″E / 10.27417°N 76.2785°E / 10.27417; 76.2785Ashtamichira
Thrissur District
80Pattanakkad Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri9°43′51″N 76°19′06″E / 9.73072°N 76.31832°E / 9.73072; 76.31832Pattanakkad
Alleppey District
81Uliyannoor Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°05′56″N 76°20′31″E / 10.09887°N 76.34198°E / 10.09887; 76.34198Uliyannoor
Ernakulam District
82Killikkurussi Mahadeva TempleDakshinamurthySivarathri10°45′55″N 76°26′11″E / 10.76534°N 76.43651°E / 10.76534; 76.43651Killikkurussimangalam
Palakkad district
83Puthur Mahadeva TemplePuthurappanSivarathri12°12′26″N 75°13′33″E / 12.20721°N 75.22577°E / 12.20721; 75.22577Karivellur
Kannur District
84Chengannur Mahadeva TempleChengannurappan, Chenganoor BhagavathiSivarathri9°19′27″N 76°36′41″E / 9.32425°N 76.61144°E / 9.32425; 76.61144Chengannur
Alleppey District
85Someswaram Mahadeva TempleSomeswarSivarathri10°44′54″N 76°26′16″E / 10.74832°N 76.43778°E / 10.74832; 76.43778Pampady
Thrissur District
86Venganellore Thiruvimbilappan TempleThiruVimbilappanSivarathri10°42′11″N 76°20′12″E / 10.70311°N 76.33668°E / 10.70311; 76.33668Chelakkara
Thrissur District
87Kottarakkara Mahadeva TempleIlayidathappanSivarathri9°00′02″N 76°46′05″E / 9.00063°N 76.76801°E / 9.00063; 76.76801Kottarakkara
Kollam District
88Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva TempleKandiyurappanSivarathri9°15′11″N 76°31′50″E / 9.25319°N 76.53057°E / 9.25319; 76.53057Mavelikkara
Alleppey District
89Palayoor Mahadeva TempleShiva-10°34′57″N 76°01′56″E / 10.58256°N 76.03233°E / 10.58256; 76.03233Palayoor
Kodungalloor
Thrissur District		converted to church during European rule
90Taliparamba Rajarajeshwara TempleRaja RajeswaranSivarathri12°02′54″N 75°21′23″E / 12.04837°N 75.35638°E / 12.04837; 75.35638Taliparamba
Kannur District
91Nedumpura Kulasekharanellur Shiva TempleKulasekharathappanSivarathri10°44′05″N 76°15′41″E / 10.73465°N 76.2614°E / 10.73465; 76.2614Cheruthuruthi
thrissur District
92Sree Mannoor Siva TempleShivaSivarathri11°09′13″N 75°49′58″E / 11.15354°N 75.83277°E / 11.15354; 75.83277Kadalundi
Kozhikode District
93Thrissilery Shiva TempleAghora MurthiSivarathri11°51′06″N 76°01′00″E / 11.85154°N 76.01653°E / 11.85154; 76.01653Thirunelli
Wayanad District
94Sringapuram Mahadeva TempleDakshayani VallabhanSivarathri10°13′05″N 76°12′04″E / 10.21803°N 76.20101°E / 10.21803; 76.20101Kodungalloor
Thrissur District
95Karivellur Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri12°10′23″N 75°11′25″E / 12.17298°N 75.19025°E / 12.17298; 75.19025Karivellur
Kannur District
96Mammiyoor Mahadeva TempleMammiyurappanSivarathri10°35′57″N 76°02′10″E / 10.59907°N 76.03615°E / 10.59907; 76.03615Guruvayoor
Thrissur District
97Parampanthali Sree Mahadeva TempleTaliswaran, ShivaSivarathri10°32′25″N 76°05′26″E / 10.54036°N 76.0905°E / 10.54036; 76.0905Mullassery
Thrissur District
98Thirunavaya Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°51′21″N 75°58′51″E / 10.85577°N 75.98088°E / 10.85577; 75.98088Thirunavaya
Malappuram district		Exact location unknown,

likely ruins at Nilapadu Thara In Thirunavaya.

99Kanjiramattam Sree Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri9°53′13″N 76°43′12″E / 9.88685°N 76.71987°E / 9.88685; 76.71987Thodupuzha
Idukki District
100Nalpathaneeswaram Sree Mahadeva TempleNalpathenniswaranSivarathri9°48′57″N 76°20′32″E / 9.81581°N 76.34214°E / 9.81581; 76.34214Panavally
Alleppey District
101Kottappuram Siva TempleShivaSivarathri10°31′33″N 76°12′21″E / 10.5259°N 76.20572°E / 10.5259; 76.20572Kottappuram
Thrissur District
102Muthuvara Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°33′09″N 76°10′30″E / 10.55256°N 76.17502°E / 10.55256; 76.17502Muthuvara
Thrissur District
103Velappaya Mahadeva TempleVadakkum Tevar, Thekkum TevarSivarathri10°36′08″N 76°11′39″E / 10.60232°N 76.1943°E / 10.60232; 76.1943Velappaya
Thrissur District
104Chendamangalam Kunnathali TempleShivaSivarathri10°10′21″N 76°13′57″E / 10.17253°N 76.23252°E / 10.17253; 76.23252Chendamangalam
Ernakulam District
105Thrikkandiyur Mahadeva TempleThrikkandiyurappanSivarathri10°54′20″N 75°55′26″E / 10.90545°N 75.92386°E / 10.90545; 75.92386Tirur
Malappuram District
106Peruvanam Mahadeva TempleErattayappan,
Madathilappan		Peruvanam Pooram, Sivarathri10°26′14″N 76°12′43″E / 10.43732°N 76.21188°E / 10.43732; 76.21188Cherpu
Thrissur District
107Thiruvaloor Mahadeva templeThiruvalurappanSivarathri10°07′07″N 76°18′32″E / 10.11871°N 76.30877°E / 10.11871; 76.30877Alangad
Eranakulam District
108Chirakkal Mahadeva TempleShivaSivarathri10°12′04″N 76°21′14″E / 10.20102°N 76.35396°E / 10.20102; 76.35396Angamali
Ernakulam District

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mathew, Biju, ed. (2017). Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage. Info Kerala Communications. ISBN 9788193456705.
  2. ↑ Kottarathil Sankunni. The Collected Aithihyamaala: The Garland of Legends from Kerala. Translated by Leela James. Hachette India. ISBN 9789350099681.
  3. ↑ Kareem, C. K. (1976). Kerala District Gazetteers: Palghat. Vol. 6. Superintendent of Government Presses.
  4. ↑ "108 Siva Temples". The Kerala Temples.com. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  5. ↑ "108 Shiva temples of Kerala". shaivam.org. 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019.
  6. ↑ Menon, T. Madhava (2002). A Handbook of Kerala. Vol. 2. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. ISBN 9788185692319.
  7. ↑ "108 Shivalayangal Stotram Song". shaivam.org. 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016.
  8. ↑ Ilayath, Kunjikuttan. 108 Siva Kshetrangal (in Malayalam). H and C Books.
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