Kok (Meitei letter)
| Kok | |
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| Usage | |
| Writing system | Meitei (Meetei Mayek) |
| Type | Abugida |
| In Unicode | U+ABC0 |
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_called_Eeyek_Eepee_letters_of_the_traditional_Meetei_Mayek_writing_system.png) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Meitei alphabets | ||||||||||||||||||
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| History and culture | ||||||||||||||||||
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Meitei script movement • MEELAL Philosophy • Wakoklon Puya |
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| Technical | ||||||||||||||||||
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Unicode block (Extensions) Meitei keyboards • Script support |
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Kok (Meitei: ꯀ) is the first letter of the Meitei script (Meetei Mayek). It primarily represents the voiceless velar plosive consonant ([k]).[1] In accordance with the unique naming system of the Meitei alphabet, the letter is named after and visually represents the head of the human body.[2][3]
Origin and etymology
_represents_as_well_as_means_%22brain%22_or_%22head%22.jpg)
The name Kok literally translates to "head" in the Meitei language (Manipuri). Historically, the script's core 18 letters (Eyek Ipee) were mapped directly to parts of the human anatomy.[4][5][6][7]
According to traditional Meitei philosophy and ancient manuscripts known as Puyas, the graphic shape of the letter mimics the physical form of a human head. During the late 20th-century script revival movement, this form was standardized by the Government of Manipur to its current digital shape.[8][9][10][11]
Meitei mythology and cosmogony
According to traditional Meitei belief, the alphabet ꯀ (Kok) is intimately connected to the creation of humanity and the structure of the calendar. It is associated with the second day of the week, Ningthoukapa (Monday), a day that signifies the divine directing and seating of the human mind. Within Meitei cosmogeny, ꯀ is one of the first three alphabets, alongside ꯁ (Sam) and ꯂ (Lai), that appeared to symbolize the completion of the human head, marking a critical stage in the formation of the physical body by the Creator.[4][5][6][7]
Linguistic and phonetic usage
Sound value
In modern Meitei, Kok primarily represents the voiceless velar plosive consonant ([k]). When spoken natively with its inherent vowel sound, it is pronounced as /ka/.[12][13]
Positional variations
- Syllable-initial: When appearing at the beginning of a syllable, it retains its standard sound of [k].[14][12][13]
- Syllable-final (Lonsum): When appearing at the end of a syllable without an inherent vowel, it shifts to its dedicated final consonant form (Lonsum), written as ꯛ (U+ABDB). In this position, it represents an unreleased velar stop ([k̚]).[14][12][13]
Tonal interaction
As Meitei is a tonal language, the pitch of the syllable containing Kok is altered depending on the attached vowel diacritics (Cheitap) or the accompanying tone markers to signify distinct meanings.[12][13]
Vowel diacritic combinations
Like other abugida scripts, the consonant Kok has an inherent vowel sound of /ə/. To represent alternate or modified vowel sounds, explicit vowel diacritics (known as Cheitap Mayek) are attached to the base letter.[1][2][12][13]
The table below demonstrates how Kok combines with the standard Meitei vowel markers, detailing their respective graphic positioning, Unicode rendering, and phonetic output:
| Diacritic Name | Unicode[15][16] | Graphic Position | Syllable Character | Transliteration | Pronunciation (IPA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (None) | — | Inherent Vowel | ꯀ | ka / kə | [kə] |
| Aatap | U+ABE5 | Post-posed (Right) | ꯀꯥ | kā / kaa | [kaː] |
| Inap | U+ABE4 | Post-posed (Right) | ꯀꯤ | ki | [ki] |
| Unap | U+ABE8 | Sub-posed (Bottom) | ꯀꯨ | ku | [ku] |
| Yetnap | U+ABE6 | Post-posed (Right) | ꯀꯦ | ke | [ke] |
| Otnap | U+ABE3 | Post-posed / Right-wrapping | ꯀꯣ | ko | [ko] |
| Cheinap | U+ABE9 | Post-posed (Right) | ꯀꯩ | kei / kai | [kɐj] |
| Sounap | U+ABE7 | Post-posed (Right) | ꯀꯧ | kou / kau | [kɐw] |
| Nung | U+ABEA | Post-posed (Right) | ꯀꯪ | kang | [kaŋ] |
Computer encoding
Kok was added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2. It is located inside the "Meetei Mayek" block.[17][18]
| Character | Unicode Code Point[15][16] | Name | Character Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| ꯀ | U+ABC0 | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER KOK | ꯀ |
| ꯛ | U+ABDB | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER KOK LONSUM | ꯛ |
Derived Lom Eeyek character: Gok
The letter Kok serves as the direct ancestral base for the extended character Gok (Meitei: ꯒ). Classified as a Lom Eeyek (derived or evolved letter), it was standardized into the modern 27-letter system to accommodate voiced or voiced-aspirated consonants introduced via historical linguistic evolution and phonetic changes.[12][13][1][2]
Within the traditional Meitei grammatical system, the naming convention features a distinct rhyming relationship where the sound profile of the original core letter directly mirrors and shifts into its corresponding Lom Eeyek counterpart (e.g., Kok evolves into Gok).[12][13][1][2]
Grapheme profile
| Gok | |
|---|---|
.svg.png) | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Meitei (Meetei Mayek) |
| Type | Abugida (Lom Eeyek) |
| In Unicode | U+ABD2 |
Phonetic and graphic evolution
- Phonetic Shift: While the original letter Kok represents the voiceless velar plosive, its derived Lom Eeyek Gok expands the phonetic reach of the native script by representing the voiced velar plosive consonant ([g]).[12][13][1][2]
- Graphic Relationship: Unlike the original core letters (Eyek Ipee), Lom Eeyek characters do not independently map to parts of the human anatomy. Instead, their visual glyphs are stylized variations or direct evolutionary designs branching from the physical geometry of their parent characters.[12][13][1][2]
- Syntactic Restrictions: Unlike the core character, Gok does not possess a corresponding shortened Lonsum form for syllable-final configurations. It functions strictly in syllable-initial or medial environments where it can bind with standard vowel diacritics (Cheitap).[12][13][1][2]
Vowel diacritic combinations
Like the core letters of the script, the Lom Eeyek consonant Gok has an inherent vowel sound of /ə/. The table below demonstrates how Gok combines with the standard Meitei vowel markers (Cheitap Mayek):
| Diacritic Name | Unicode[15][16] | Graphic Position | Syllable Character | Transliteration | Pronunciation (IPA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (None) | — | Inherent Vowel | ꯒ | ga / gə | [ɡə] |
| Aatap | U+ABE5 | Post-posed (Right) | ꯒꯥ | gā / gaa | [ɡaː] |
| Inap | U+ABE4 | Post-posed (Right) | ꯒꯤ | gi | [ɡi] |
| Unap | U+ABE8 | Sub-posed (Bottom) | ꯒꯨ | gu | [ɡu] |
| Yetnap | U+ABE6 | Post-posed (Right) | ꯒꯦ | ge | [ɡe] |
| Otnap | U+ABE3 | Post-posed / Right-wrapping | ꯒꯣ | go | [ɡo] |
| Cheinap | U+ABE9 | Post-posed (Right) | ꯒꯩ | gei / gai | [ɡɐj] |
| Sounap | U+ABE7 | Post-posed (Right) | ꯒꯧ | gou / gau | [ɡɐw] |
| Nung | U+ABEA | Post-posed (Right) | ꯒꯪ | gang | [ɡaŋ] |
Technical specifications
| Character | Unicode Code Point[15][16] | Official Unicode Name | Character Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| ꯒ | U+ABD2 | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER GOK | ꯒ |
Equivalent letters
In comparative typography, the phonetic properties of Kok align with corresponding characters in other major ancestral and regional writing systems. The table below places the base character alongside its historical Lom Eeyek counterpart Gok (representing the extended voiced phonetic offshoot), arranged in strict alphabetical order by script family:
| Script Family | Base Letter Profile (Kok) | Lom Eeyek Profile (Derived / Extended: Gok) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equivalent Glyph | Transliteration | Equivalent Glyph | Transliteration | |
| Aramaic | 𐡊 | Ka | 𐡂 | Ga |
| Ashokan Brahmi | 𑀓 | Ka | 𑀕 | Ga |
| Bengali-Assamese | ক | Ka | গ | Ga |
| Burmese | က | Ka | ဂ | Ga |
| Devanagari | क | Ka | ग | Ga |
| Gujarati | ક | Ka | ગ | Ga |
| Gupta Brahmi | 𑀓 (Brahmi glyph) | Ka | 𑀕 (Brahmi glyph) | Ga |
| Gurmukhi | ਕ | Ka | ਗ | Ga |
| Kannada | ಕ | Ka | ಗ | Ga |
| Malayalam | ക | Ka | ഗ | Ga |
| Odia | କ | Ka | ଗ | Ga |
| Perso-Arabic (Urdu) | ک | Ka | گ | Ga |
| Phoenician | 𐤊 | Ka | 𐤂 | Ga |
| Tamil | க | Ka | க | Ga |
| Telugu | క | Ka | గ | Ga |
| Thai | ก | Ka | ค | Ga / Kha |
| Tibetan | ཀ | Ka | ག | Ga |
See also
- Meitei input methods (Meitei keyboards)
- Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)
- Meetei Mayek Extensions
- Wikipedia:Meitei script display help
- Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya
- Philosophy of Meitei script
- Meitei alphabets
- Meitei script movement
- Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup
- Ancient Meitei language
- Medieval Meitei language
- Modern Meitei language
- Meitei philosophy
- Meitei mythology
- Meitei folklore
- Traditional Meitei religion (Sanamahism)
- Sanamahists
- Philosophy of Sanamahism
- Naoriya Phulo script
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Teaching Meitei Mayek: A New Approach" (PDF). Language in India.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Noren, akoijambam (1993). Supchanlaba Meetei Lonmit Amasung Lonchat Pathap.
- ↑ Kangjiya, Ng (1978). Kanglei Eyekki Waree.
- 1 2 Thokchao Pangkanpa, Thokchom (1958). Wakoklon Thilel Sallai Amailon Pukok (in Manipuri). Manipur University Library. India: Digital Library of India; Internet Archive.
- 1 2 "Discovery of Kangleipak 11". e-pao.net.
- 1 2 "Discovery of Kangleipak 12". e-pao.net.
- 1 2 "Meetei Mayek 18 Subagee Kanglon Amasung Wangulon". Internet Archive; Digital Library of India (in Manipuri).
- ↑ Arambarn Parratt, Saroj Nalini, ed. (2009), "Meetei Mayek or Meetei script chart", The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur, Foundation Books, pp. 145–148, ISBN 978-81-7596-638-3, retrieved 2026-07-15
- ↑ "Transliteration from Hindi Script to Meetei Mayek : ( A Rule Based Approach )". www.semanticscholar.org. Retrieved 2026-07-15.
- ↑ "Meitei Mayek Alphabets". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2026-07-15.
- ↑ "Meetei Mayek: The Script". tabish.freeshell.org. Retrieved 2026-07-15.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ray, Sohini (2009). "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India". Anthropological Quarterly. 82 (1): 129–154. ISSN 0003-5491.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sarangthem, Bobita; Lokendro, Laishram (2022-01-01). "Script and sound system of Meiteilon". Journal of Language and Culture.
- 1 2 "Meitei Mayek Transliteration: A Comprehensive Guide". okram.co.in. Retrieved 2026-07-15.
- 1 2 3 4 "Meetei Mayek | Official Unicode Consortium code chart" (PDF). Unicode.
- 1 2 3 4 "Meetei Mayek | Charts | Name list". unicode.org. Retrieved 2026-07-15.
- ↑ "Unicode Character "ꯀ" (U+ABC0)". compart.com. Retrieved 2026-07-15.
- ↑ "Meitei Mayek Unicode 2009". e-pao.net. Retrieved 2026-07-15.